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Taking advantage of the formation and assembly of cellulose nanocrystal surfactants (CNCSs) at the water-oil interface, where polar cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and end-functionalized polymer chains interact, the preparation and stability of emulsions prepared with CNCSs were investigated. The packing density of CNCSs at the interface can be adjusted by tuning parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and concentration/molecular weight of the end-functionalized polymer ligands. Stable non-spherical emulsions are obtained during homogenization, as a result of the interfacial jamming of CNCSs, with pH-triggered reconfigurability. Porous materials are prepared by freeze-drying creamed, CNCS-stabilized emulsions. The cells of the porous materials have a controlled pore size and shape that are commensurate with the droplets in the emulsion and are responsive to pH. The behavior of the adaptive, reconfigurable supracolloidal system is coupled to its internal and surrounding environment.

A temperature and rate-dependent crystal plasticity framework has been used to examine the temperature sensitivity of stress relaxation, creep and load shedding in model Ti-6Al polycrystal behaviour under dwell fatigue conditions. A temperature close to 120°C is found to lead to the strongest stress redistribution and load shedding, resulting from the coupling between crystallographic slip rate and slip system dislocation hardening. For temperatures in excess of about 230°C, grain-level load shedding from soft to hard grains diminishes because of the more rapid stress relaxation, leading ultimately to the diminution of the load shedding and hence, it is argued, the elimination of the dwell debit. Under conditions of cyclic stress dwell, at temperatures between 20°C and 230°C for which load shedding occurs, the rate-dependent accumulation of local slip by ratcheting is shown to lead to the progressive cycle-by-cycle redistribution of stress from soft to hard grains. This phenomenon is termed cyclic load shedding since it also depends on the material's creep response, but develops over and above the well-known dwell load shedding, thus providing an additional rationale for the incubation of facet nucleation.

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