Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are under the evaluation for inclusion into the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. However, information on their bioconcentration and biomagnification in marine ecosystems is unavailable, limiting the evaluation of their ecological risks. In this study, seawater, sediment, zooplankton, invertebrates, and fishes collected from Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, North China were analyzed to investigate the residual level, congener group profile, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer of SCCPs in a marine food web. The total concentrations of SCCPs ranged from 4.1 to 13.1 ng L(-1) in seawater, 65 to 541 ng g(-1) (dw) in sediment, and 86 to 4400 ng g(-1) (ww) in organisms. Correspondence analysis indicated the relative enrichment of C10Cl5 and C11Cl5 formula groups in most aquatic organisms. Both the logarithm bioaccumulation factors (log BAFs: 4.1-6.7) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs: 0.1-7.3) of individual congeners implied the bioaccumulation of SCCPs. The trophic magnification factor (TMF) of ∑SCCPs was determined to be 2.38 in the zooplankton-shrimp-fish food web, indicating biomagnification potential of SCCPs in the marine ecosystem. The TMF values of individual congener groups significantly correlated with their log KOW values.

Heterogeneous adoption thresholds exist widely in social contagions, such as behavior spreading, but were always neglected in previous studies. To this end, we introduce heterogeneous adoption threshold distribution into a non-Markovian spreading threshold model, in which an individual adopts a behavior only when the received cumulative pieces of behavioral information from neighbors exceeds his adoption threshold. In order to understand the effects of heterogeneous adoption thresholds quantitatively, an edge-based compartmental theory is developed. A two-state spreading threshold model is taken as an example, in which some individuals have a low adoption threshold (i.e., activists) while the remaining ones hold a relatively higher adoption threshold (i.e., bigots). We find a hierarchical characteristic in adopting behavior, i.e., activists first adopt the behavior and then stimulate bigots to adopt the behavior. Interestingly, two types of crossover phenomena in phase transition occur: for a relatively low adoption threshold of bigots, a change from first-order to secondorder phase transition can be triggered by increasing the fraction of activists; for a relatively higher adoption threshold of bigots, a change from hybrid to second-order phase transition can be induced by varying the fraction of activists, decreasing mean degree or enhancing network heterogeneity. The theoretical predictions based on the suggested theory agree very well with the simulation results.

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