DNA barcoding is a rapidly developing frontier technology that is gaining worldwide attention. Here, seven regions (psbA-trnH, matK, ycf5, rpoC1, rbcL, ITS2, and ITS) with potential for use as DNA barcodes were tested for their ability to identify 300 samples of 192 species from 72 genera of the family Rutaceae. To evaluate each barcode's utility for species authentication, PCR amplification efficiency, genetic divergence, and barcoding gaps were assessed. We found that the ITS2 region exhibited the highest inter-specific divergence, and that this was significantly higher than the intra-specific variation in the "DNA barcoding gap" assessment and Wilcoxon two-sample tests. The ITS2 locus had the highest identification efficiency among all tested regions. In a previous study, we found that ITS2 was able to discriminate a wide range of plant taxa, and here we confirmed that ITS2 was also able to discriminate a number of closely related species. Therefore, we propose that ITS2 is a promising candidate barcode for plant species identification.

A checklist of all confirmed species of the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera) from China is made based on the Chinese specimens in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH, Leiden) and on additional specimens from the Chinese Academy of Insect Science (IOZ, Beijing), the Zhejiang University (ZJUH, Hangzhou), and the Sun Yat-sen University (SYSUBM, Guangzhou). The Scoliid species from China belong to one subfamily, two tribes, 11 genera and 52 species. Two species are deleted from the fauna of China: Campsomeriella ilanensis (Tsuneki, 1972) and Scolia (Discolia) quadripustulata Fabricius, 1782. One subspecies, i.e., Carinoscolia vittifrons nipponensis Uchida, 1933, status nov., is elevated to species rank. Scolia (Discolia) formosicola Betrem, 1928, status nov. and S. (D.) inouyei Okamoto, 1924 are re-instated valid species.

The use of synthetic fungicide needs to be gradually reduced because of its adverse effect on human health and the environment. An integrated approach combining fungicides with biological control agents (BCAs) can be used to reduce the fungicide doses, thereby minimizing the risks associated with chemical fungicides. In this study, the combined application of a BCA Trichoderma and a fungicide hymexazol was used to manage the cowpea wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The Trichoderma SC012 strain, which is resistant to hymexazol, was screened out and identified as T. asperellum. T. asperellum SC012 showed hyperparasitism to F. oxysporum and could penetrate and encircle the hyphae of pathogen on a medium amended or not with hymexazol. When combined with hymexazol, the population density in the rhizosphere soil of cowpea showed no significant difference compared with the treatment Trichoderma used alone. When the concentration of T. asperellum SC012 or hymexazol was halved, their combined application could control cowpea wilt disease more effectively than their individual use. The findings showed that the combination of Trichoderma and hymexazol could reduce the use of chemical fungicide, which is eco-friendly and may be an important part of integrated control of Fusarium wilt in cowpea.

The Scoliidae occur predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions and are ectoparasitoids of Scarabaeoidea larvae (especially of Melolonthinae) which are immobilised, parasitised by the female wasp in their terrestrial larval gallery and buried deeper in a special cell by the female wasp. Herein, we provided, for the first time, illustrated keys to 11 genera and 52 species of Scoliidae from China, based on specimens in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RMNH, Leiden) and additional specimens from the Chinese Academy of Insect Science (Beijing), Zhejiang University (ZJUH, Hangzhou) and Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU, Guangzhou) and it is a first attempt to make keys available for all the Scoliidae species in China.

Previous research has proved that online reviews on purchased goods can observably affect consumers' evaluation of products, purchase decisions, and purchase behaviors. This study classify online reviews into literal reviews and figurative reviews according to content features and language style. Product type is taken as a moderator to explore the impact of language style of online reviews on consumers' purchase intentions from the perspective of social presence. Based on two studies in China, the matching between online language style and product type is explored, which has an interactive effect on consumers' purchase intention. Social presence plays a mediating role. When purchasing search products, literal (vs. figurative) online reviews give consumers stronger social presence, resulting in higher purchase intentions. When purchasing experience products, consumers have stronger social presence because of figurative (vs. literal) online reviews, thus enhancing purchase intentions. The results not only expand the antecedent of social presence, but also offer several practical implications for online practitioners.