A series of Sc:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals with various levels of Sc2O3(0, 1, 2, and 3 mol%) doping were grown from congruent melts in air by using the Czochralski technique.
A series of LiNbO 3 crystals tri-doped with Mg 2+ , Yb 3+ , and Ho 3+ are grown by the conventional Czochraski technique. The concentrations of Mg 2+ , Yb 3+ , and Ho 3+ ions in Mg:Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystals are measured by using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The x-ray diffraction is proposed to determine the lattice constant and analyze the internal structure of the crystal. The light-induced scattering of Mg:Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystal is quantitatively described via the threshold effect of incident exposure energy flux. The exposure energy (E r ) is calculated to discuss the optical damage resistance ability. The exposure energy of Mg(7 mol):Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystal is 709.17 J/cm 2 , approximately 425 times higher than that of the Mg(1 mol):Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystal in magnitude. The blue, red, and very intense green bands of Mg:Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystal are observed under the 980-nm laser excitation to evaluate the up-conversion emission properties. The dependence of the emission intensity on pumping power indicates that the up-conversion emission is a two-photon process. The up-conversion emission mechanism is discussed in detail. This study indicates that Mg:Yb:Ho:LiNbO 3 crystal can be applied to the fabrication of new multifunctional photoluminescence devices.
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