The thermodynamic approach for the description of multiphase open phase processes is developed based on van der Waals equation in the metrics of Gibbs and incomplete Gibbs potentials. Examples of thermodynamic modeling of the multiphase and multicomponent A3B5 systems (In-Ga-As-Sb and In-P-As-Sb) and Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+//Cl−, SO42−-H2O water–salt system are presented. Topological isomorphism of different type phase diagrams is demonstrated.
The solubility in triple water-salt systems containing NdCl3, PrCl3, YCl3, TbCl3 chlorides, and water-soluble fullerenol C60(OH)24 at 25 °C was studied by isothermal saturation in ampoules. The analysis for the content of rare earth elements was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy, for the content of fullerenol—by electronic spectrophotometry. The solubility diagrams in all four ternary systems are simple eutonic, both consisting of two branches, corresponding to the crystallization of fullerenol crystal-hydrate and rare earth chloride crystal-hydrates, and containing one nonvariant point corresponding to the saturation of both solid phases. On the long branches of C60(OH)24*18H2O crystallization, a C60(OH)24 decreases by more than 2 orders of magnitude compared to the solubility of fullerenol in pure water (salting-out effect). On very short branches of crystallization of NdCl3*6H2O, PrCl3*7H2O, YCl3*6H2O, and TbCl3*6H2O, the salting-in effect is clearly observed, and the solubility of all four chlorides increases markedly. The four diagrams cannot be correctly approximated by the simple one-term Sechenov equation (SE-1), and very accurately approximated by the three-term modified Sechenov equation (SEM-3). Both equations for the calculation of nonelectrolyte solubility in electrolyte solutions (SE-1 and SEM-3 models) are obtained, using Pitzer model of virial decomposition of excess Gibbs energy of electrolyte solution. It is shown, that semi-empirical equations of SE-1 and SEM-3 models may be extended to the systems with crystallization of crystal-solvates.
Abstract. Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy, which provides food security of the country. The development and implementation of modern geoinformation technologies in agricultural production is the basis for transition to precision farming. Application of elements of precision farming system in agricultural enterprises is impossible without high-quality information and technical support.The purpose of the study is to analyze the use of digital technologies in the farms of the Eastern region of Kazakhstan, identify key factors hindering their implementation and prospects for further development. The information basis for the study was the results of a questionnaire survey of 40.3% of representatives of agricultural enterprises in the Eastern region. The SWOT-analysis, reflecting internal and external factors and conditions for the development of precision farming, was made on the basis of the results. There are: a low level of development of information and communication infrastructure in rural areas (65%), the predominance of small agricultural producers (80 %), insufficiently effective tools of state support, insufficient influence of regional public authorities on the processes of system informatization of agricultural production, weak spread of digital technologies in agriculture.It is concluded that, despite the relevance and importance of digital technologies in modern agriculture, the digital transformation of agriculture is characterized by a significant lag behind the advanced sectors of the economy, so a unified approach, including a set of measures to stimulate agricultural enterprises to innovative development, government support, a set of differentiated mechanisms for testing and implementing IT technologies, adapted to the conditions of the intra-branch environment is needed.
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