The increase in aridity, mainly by decreases in precipitation but also by higher temperatures, is likely the main threat to the diversity and survival of Mediterranean forests. Changes in land use, including the abandonment of extensive crop activities, mainly in mountains and remote areas, and the increases in human settlements and demand for more resources with the resulting fragmentation of the landscape, hinder the establishment of appropriate management tools to protect Mediterranean forests and their provision of services and biodiversity. Experiments and observations indicate that if changes in climate, land use and other components of global change, such as pollution and overexploitation of resources, continue, the resilience of many forests will likely be exceeded, altering their structure and function and changing, mostly decreasing, their capacity to continue to provide their current services. A consistent assessment of the impacts of the changes, however, remains elusive due to the difficulty of obtaining simultaneous and complete data for all scales of the impacts in the same forests, areas and regions. We review the impacts of climate change and other components of global change and their interactions on the terrestrial forests of Mediterranean regions, with special attention to their impacts on ecosystem services. Management tools for counteracting the negative effects of global change on Mediterranean ecosystem- services are finally discussed.
A multi-residue method based on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), was developed and validated for the determination of three selected fungicides (propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, and isopyrazam) in seven animal origin foods. The overall recoveries at the three spiking levels of 0.005, 0.05, and 0.5 mg kg(-1) spanned between 72.3 and 101.4% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values between 0.7 and 14.9%. The method shows good linearity in the concentrations between 0.001 and 1 mg L(-1) with the coefficient of determination (R (2)) value >0.99 for each target analyte. The limit of detections (LODs) for target analytes were between 0.04 and 1.26 μg kg(-1), and the limit of quantifications (LOQs) were between 0.13 and 4.20 μg kg(-1). The matrix effect for each individual compound was evaluated through the study of ratios of the areas obtained in solvent and matrix standards. The optimized method provided a negligible matrix effect for propiconazole within 20%, whereas for pyraclostrobin and isopyrazam, the matrix effect was relatively significant with a maximum value of 49.8%. The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of 210 animal origin samples obtained from 16 provinces of China. The results suggested that the developed method was satisfactory for trace analysis of three fungicides in animal origin foods.
Emission factors (Es) are among the major sources of uncertainty in regional or global emission estimates of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Tropical vegetation contributes approximately 70% of global BVOC emissions, yet in situ measurements of BVOC emissions from tropical tree species, especially naturally grown mature trees, are quite limited. In this study, BVOC emissions from twenty mature trees (15 evergreen broad-leaved and 5 evergreen needle-leaved) were measured using dynamic chambers, and the emitted BVOCs were collected using sorbent tubes and speciated with a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system (TD-GC/MS). Twenty BVOC compounds including, isoprene, 14 monoterpene (MT) species and 9 sesquiterpene (SQT) species were quantified to calculate their Es. The results showed that Eucalyptus urophylla had the largest Es of isoprene (26.47 ± 3.70 μg g–1 h–1) among all the measured trees, followed by Ficus hispida (20.74 ± 1.78 μg g–1 h–1), Syzygium hainanense (20.49 ± 1.36 μg g–1 h–1), Casuarina equisetifolia (18.70 ± 2.91 μg g–1 h–1), and Mangifera indica (11.71 ± 7.04 μg g–1 h–1). α-Pinene, β-pinene, and limonene were the most abundant MTs, of which the largest Es were observed for Magnolia denudata (8.33 ± 2.05 μg g–1 h–1), Castanopsis hystrix (5.29 ± 3.24 μg g–1 h–1), and Magnolia denudata (3.11 ± 1.07 μg g–1 h–1), respectively. The Es of SQTs for the measured trees were lower than 0.50 μg g–1 h–1 except for Magnolia denudata (1.10 ± 0.41 μg g–1 h–1). β-Caryophyllene was the most common SQT, with Magnolia denudata having the highest Es of 0.09 ± 0.03 μg g–1h–1. The localized Es for dominant tree species could be used to update BVOC emission factors for typical vegetation types and help improve BVOC emission estimates in typical subtropical regions and narrow their uncertainties.
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