The endosymbiont Wolbachia has been detected in a few parthenogenetic collembolans sampled in Europe and America, including three species of Poduromorpha, two species of Entomobryomorpha, and two species of Neelipleona. Based on 16S rRNA and ftsZ gene sequences, most of the Wolbachia infecting parthenogenetic collembolans were characterized as members of supergroup E and showed concordant phylogeny with their hosts. However, the two neelipleonan symbionts form another unique group, indicating that Wolbachia has infected parthenogenetic collembolans multiple times. In this study, five parthenogenetic collembolan species were identified as hosts of Wolbachia, and four new Wolbachia strains were reported for four collembolan species sampled in China, respectively, including a neelipleonan strain from Megalothorax incertus (wMinc). Our results demonstrated that the Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system is superior to the 16S rRNA + ftsZ approach for phylogenetic analyses of collembolan Wolbachia. The MLST system assigned these Wolbachia of parthenogenetic collembolans to supergroup E as a unique clade, which included wMinc, supporting the monophyletic origin of Wolbachia in parthenogenetic collembolan species. Moreover, our data suggested supergroup E as one of the most divergent lineages in Wolbachia and revealed the discrepancy between the phylogenies of Wolbachia from parthenogenetic collembolans and their hosts, which may result from the high level of genetic divergence between collembolan Wolbachia, in association with the geographic differentiation of their hosts, or the possible horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between different collembolan species.

Correlations and non-linear regression analyses were used to determine the optimal rate of fertilization that would maximize production of grain while minimizing effects on the environment in Jiangsu Province, China. Correlation coefficients between the amounts of cereal grain produced and rates of fertilization were 0.880, 0.606, and 0.212 for the periods 1970-1983, 1984-1997, 1998-2011, respectively. Current amounts of chemical fertilization used are causing adverse effects on the environment. By use of simulation analyses, it was determined that 550 - 600 kilogram of fertilizers (a mix of N, P2O5, K2O) per hectare is the upper limit amount of fertilization that balances production and potential for eutrophication in Jiangsu. Amounts of fertilizer applied are greater in the North of Jiangsu Province with three-fold more fertilizers applied than in the south. Factors such as proportion of farmers in the regional population, incomes of farmers, multiple cropping index, proportion of land irrigated, proportion of land in agricultural production all influence the amount of fertilizers applied in this region.

A facile hydrothermal method without any templates has been developed for the preparation of α- Fe2O3nanocubes and hollow spheres. The as-synthesized products is then characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The nanocubes have extraordinary unity and we can anticipate its unique magnetic characteristic. On the other hand, the hollow sphere structure has a promising future in the application as carriers for targeting drug delivery. In our opinions, the method is not only very simple, but also is very friendly to the environment.