Analysis of studies shows that in studying attitudes towards risky and safe driving only few researches are based on the use of implicit methods. The aim of the study: the study of attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving with the use of Implicit Association Tests and self-assessment procedures. Participants: 69, age 21-59, M = 42, SD = 9.02, 27 female and 42 male, all with B category driver licenses, driving experience 9-24 years. Implicit measurements: two experimental procedures of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by the authors for measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving: IAT and self-concept IAT Explicit measurements: a self-assessment procedure developed by the authors "Scale of measuring attitudes towards the use of mobile phones while driving," cross-cultural Personality Questionnaire ZKPQ-50-CC (Aluja, Rossier, García, Angleitner, Kuhlman, & Zuckerman, 2006). A positive relationship between the results of measurements using IAT and self-concept IAT was found in participants with high anxiety. The effect size obtained with the IAT is larger than the effect size obtained with self-concept IAT. A relationship between the results of measurement of attitudes towards the use a mobile phone while driving, measured by experimental procedures and the personal factors was found.
The research aim is to study the context effects of graded affective valence videos on the results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards risky driving. The research is based on theoretical conceptualizations of explicit-implicit attitudes, discrepancy-consistency of their measurements presented in dual-process models of attitudes. Research questions: Have the results of measurements of implicit attitudes towards speeding using Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the results of measurements of explicit attitudes using self-reported procedures changed in response to context effects? What effect did the context factors have on results consistency of implicit and explicit measurements of attitudes towards speeding? Have the correlations between implicit and explicit attitudes towards speeding and personality traits changed in response to contextual effects? Participants: 66 drivers aged 20 to 67, Mdn = 40.5, driving experience 1-40 years, Mdn = 15. The procedure of specially designed Self-Concept IAT to measure implicit attitudes towards speeding, driver questionnaire to measure explicit attitudes towards speeding, Cross-cultural shortened form of ZKPQ-50-CC. Contexts were two videos with negative and positive emotional valence. During the first session, participants performed the IAT procedure, next completed the questionnaire. After that, the participants were divided into two groups; watching different content videos. Retest was conducted with one-week delay. Context effects led to a change in both implicit and explicit attitudes. The effect sizes of changes were typically small for implicit attitudes and medium for explicit ones. The context effect revealed a change in the correspondence of the measurement resultsthe appearance of inconsistency after the negative video and partial consistency-inconsistency after the positive video. Artificially created contextual events affected the system of correlation links between implicit and explicit attitudes towards speeding and personal traits.
The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.
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