The antibacterial activity of phillyrin on Escherichia coli ATCC8739 (E. coli ATCC8739), Bacillus subtilis BS08, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 (S. aureus ATCC6538) and Salmonella ATCC14028 was determined by filter paper method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the four tested bacteria was investigated by plate coating method to evaluate antibacterial ability. The antibacterial mechanism was further investigated by measuring growth curve, electric conductivity, nucleic acid content, Na + /K + -ATPase activity and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results indicated that phillyrin had antibacterial effects and the MICs against Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Bacillus subtilis BS08, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 and Salmonella ATCC14028 were 2.15, 3.16, 3.02 and 3.40 μg/mL respectively, and the antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was more significant (p < 0.05) than that on other bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that phillyrin destroyed the morphology of the cells and the cells ruptured. The leakage of intracellular substances led to an increase in nucleic acid content and an increase in electric conductivity in the bacterial suspension; SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that phillyrin could inhibit protein synthesis; in addition, phillyrin could reduce Na + /K + -ATPase activity. Therefore, phillyrin had obvious antibacterial ability and inhibited the expression of bacterial proteins by destroying the cell membrane structure, resulting in the death of the cells.
Forsythia suspensa [(Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae)] as a plant widely distributed in China, Korea, Japan, and many European countries, is a well-known ingredient in traditional Chinese food (Guo et al., 2021;Jiang et al., 2020). Phillyrin, a natural lignan, is the main bioactive component of F. suspensa. Studies on phillyrin have shown that it is found mainly in the leaves and fruits of the plant F. suspensa (Kim et al., 2000;Xia et al., 2011): phillyrin can be extracted by maceration, Soxhlet, and microwave-assisted extraction methods (Ma et al., 2020;Xu et al., 2019). Relevant reports indicated no acute toxicity of water or ethanol extract of the leaves of F. suspensa in mice, even at daily dose of 61.60 g/kg (Ai et al., 2011;Hou et al., 2016). Han et al. (2017) reported no acute toxicity of phillyrin (from the leaves of F. suspensa) in NIH mice (18.1 g/kg/day, p.o., for 14 days) or no sub-chronic toxicity of phillyrin in SD rats (0.54, 1.62, and 6.48 g/kg/day, p.o., for 30 days).Many Chinese medicines contain phillyrin, which is an active constituent found in many medicinal plants and certain functional foods. As a matter of fact, phillyrin is commonly used as an important ingredient in the food, beverage, and cosmetic industries (Li & Chen, 2005). Modern pharmacological studies have shown that phillyrin can perform a number of biological functions such as antioxidant (Wang et al., 2018), anti-inflammatory
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