Trehalose is a reducing disaccharide, acting as a protectant against various environmental stresses in numerous organisms. In plants, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays a crucial role in trehalose biosynthesis. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is a prominent species of the Anoectochilus genus, widely utilized as a health food. However, the functional analysis of TPS in this species has been limited. In this study, TPS genes were cloned from A. roxburghii. The ArTPS gene, with an open reading frame spanning 2850 bp, encodes 950 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the homology was presented between the ArTPS protein and TPSs from other plant species. The ORF sequence was utilized to construct a prokaryotic expression vector, Pet28a-ArTPS, which was then transformed into Escherichia coli. The resulting transformants displayed a significant increase in salt tolerance under the stress conditions of 300 mmol/L NaCl. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of ArTPS genes responded to NaCl stress. The accumulation of G6P was upregulated, whereas the content of T6P exhibited an opposite expression trend. The glycometabolism products, including trehalose, exhibited notable changes under NaCl stress, although their variations may differ in response to stimulation. The content of kinsenoside, a characteristic product of A. roxburghii, was significantly upregulated under NaCl stress. These results suggest that the ArTPS genes function in response to NaCl stimulation and play a key role in polysaccharide and glycoside metabolism in Anoectochilus. This study provides new insights into the engineering modification of the health food A. roxburghii to enhance the medicinal activity of its ingredients.
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of
Stibochiona nicea
(Gray, 1846) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) was first reported with 15,298 bp in size, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes (
rrnL
and
rrnS
), and one control region. The nucleotide composition of the entire mitogenome is highly A + T biased (81.5%). The gene content and arrangement of the newly sequenced mitogenome are identical to those of the other available mitogenomes of Nymphalidae. All PCGs start with the conventional ATN codons, except for
cox1
initiating with atypical CGA(R). Nine PCGs (
atp8
,
atp6
,
cox3
,
nad1
,
nad2
,
nad3
,
nad4l
,
nad6
, and
cob
) utilize a typical stop codon TAA, whereas the remaining PCGs (
cox1
,
cox2
,
nad4
, and
nad5
) end with an incomplete stop codon T–. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that
S. nicea
is closely related to
Dichorragia nesimachus
within Pseudergolinae, which further forms the sister group to the grouping of (Nymphalinae + (Cyrestinae + (Biblidinae + Apaturinae))). The complete mitogenome of
S. nicea
will provide useful genetic information for improving the taxonomic system and phylogenetics of Nymphalidae.
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