Triticum urartu (diploid, AA) is the progenitor of the A subgenome of tetraploid (Triticum turgidum, AABB) and hexaploid (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD) wheat. Genomic studies of T. urartu have been useful for investigating the structure, function and evolution of polyploid wheat genomes. Here we report the generation of a high-quality genome sequence of T. urartu by combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-by-BAC sequencing, single molecule real-time whole-genome shotgun sequencing , linked reads and optical mapping. We assembled seven chromosome-scale pseudomolecules and identified protein-coding genes, and we suggest a model for the evolution of T. urartu chromosomes. Comparative analyses with genomes of other grasses showed gene loss and amplification in the numbers of transposable elements in the T. urartu genome. Population genomics analysis of 147 T. urartu accessions from across the Fertile Crescent showed clustering of three groups, with differences in altitude and biostress, such as powdery mildew disease. The T. urartu genome assembly provides a valuable resource for studying genetic variation in wheat and related grasses, and promises to facilitate the discovery of genes that could be useful for wheat improvement.

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is generated during exposures of certain materials to mechanical stimuli. Many solid materials produce ML during their fracturing, however, the irreversibility of fracto-induced ML limits the practical applications of these materials. In 1999, Chao-Nan Xu discovered an intense and reproducible ML from trap-controlled materials, including ZnS:Mn 2+ and SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , and introduced the principles and applications of hybrid inorganic/organic mechanoluminescent (ML) composites, and related sensors to visualize stress/strain in target structures. This discovery has triggered intense research interest in trap-controlled ML materials and composites over the past 2 decades. Notable achievements of this research include the development of trap-controlled materials that exhibit bright ML emission from the ultraviolet to the near infra-red, and multiscale mechano-optical sensitivities. This research has also increased our understanding of the mechanisms of ML phenomena, enabling the rational design of trap-controlled ML materials. Practical applications of ML are also being driven by the discovery that ML composites can serve as "mechano-optical sensitive skin" for structural health diagnosis, stress sensors for biomechanics, and mechanically-activated light sources. This review focuses on the design, synthesis, characterization, optimization and application of trap-controlled ML materials, and concludes with discussions on future directions of ML research and specific challenges to improve ML materials for real-world applications.

copy and easy to authenticate) is the primary approach for resisting the increasing sophistication of counterfeiting. [1] Due to their visual identifiability, colorful light emissions of luminophors are considered to be ideal security elements. The luminescent patterns of banknotes under ultraviolet (UV) excitation are a well-known sample of this approach. In addition to the spatial spectral fingerprints displayed in emission colors, the excitation mode and emission lifetime of luminescence can be used as authentication information, providing higher coding levels. For example, photoluminescence (PL), upconversion luminescence (UCL), and long-lasting luminescence (LLL) are three quintessential modes for anticounterfeiting and information security. [2] The PL mode produces photons at longer wavelengths than the excitation wavelength, for example, downshifting UV excitation to visible emission. [3] The UCL mode converts longwavelength photons to short-wavelength ones, for example, in the upconversion of near-infrared (NIR) excitation to visible emission. [4] It is important to note that PL and UCL phenomena will disappear immediately once light excitation is stopped, showing a feature of pulse duration (so-called fluorescence). In contrast, LLL shows delayed initiation after the cessation of Optical characteristics of luminescent materials, including emission color (wavelength), lifetime, and excitation mode, play crucial roles in data communication and information security. Conventional luminescent materials generally display unicolor, unitemporal, and unimodal (occasionally bimodal) emission, resulting in low-level readout and decoding. The development of multicolor, multitemporal, and multimodal luminescence in a single material has long been considered to be a significant challenge. In this study, for the first time, the superior integration of colorful (red-orange-yellowgreen), bitemporal (fluorescent and delayed), and four-modal (thermo-/ mechano-motivated and upconverted/downshifted) emissions in a particular piezoelectric particle via optical multiplexing of dual-lanthanide dopants is demonstrated. The as-prepared versatile NaNbO 3 :Pr 3+ ,Er 3+ luminescent microparticles shown are particularly suitable for embedding into polymer films to achieve waterproof, flexible/wearable and highly stretchable features, and synchronously to provide multidimensional codes that can be visually read-out using simple and commonly available tools (including the LED of a smartphone, pen writing, cooling-heating stimuli, and ultraviolet/ near-infrared lamps). These findings offer unique insight for designing highly integrated stimuli-responsive luminophors and smart devices toward a wide variety of applications, particularly advanced anticounterfeiting technology.