Entomopatojen Funguslar Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) ve Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.)'nin Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)'nın Yumurta ve Larva Dönemlerine Etkisi Effects of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) on larvae and egg stages of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 1 İlk yazarın Lisans Tezinin özetidir. Alınış (Received): 26.07.2012 Kabul tarihi (Accepted): 05.08.2012 ÖZET uta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Güney Amerika'da domatesin en önemli zararlılarından birisidir. Günümüzde Avrupa ve Kuzey Afrika'dan sonra Türkiye'de de domates üretimi için ana zararlı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, entomopatojen funguslardan Beauveria bassiana ve Metarhizium anisopliae'nin T. absoluta'nın hem larva hem de yumurta dönemine karşı etkinlikleri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda laboratuvarda üretimi yapılan T. absoluta'nın yumurta ve 1. larva dönemindeki bireyleri ile iklim odasında yetiştirilen domates bitkileri kullanılmıştır. Denemeler 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür ve daldırma yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin istatiksel değerlendirmesi sonucunda; B. bassiana'nın 7. ve 9. günler sonunda yumurta dönemi üzerindeki etkinliği %41.67 ve %66.67 olarak gerçekleşirken 1. larva dönemi üzerindeki etkinliği %4,17 ve %12,50 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Buna karşın M. anisopliae'nin 7. ve 9. günler sonunda yumurta dönemi üzerindeki etkinliği %91.67 ve %100,00 olurken, larva dönemi üzerine etkinliği ise hem 7. hem de 9. gün sonunda %91.67 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan laboratuvar çalışmalarında, M. anisopliae'nin larva dönemi üzerinde, B. bassiana'nın yumurta döneminde T. absoluta'nın savaşında etkili bir mikrobiyal savaş etmeni olabilecek potansiyele sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır. ABSTRACT omato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is wellknown as a serious pest of tomato crops in Europe and South America. After Europe and Northern Africa, it is currently considered as a key pest in tomato fields in Turkey. Using of pesticides to pests, disease and weeds which are problems in agricultural area causes distortion of natural balance, environmental pollution, direct and indirect adverse effect on human healthy and resistance problems.Thus, investigations on microbial control were begun as an alternative method to chemical control. In this study, effects of preparations of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) on larvae and egg stages of T. absoluta was investigated. The experiment used the immersion method was conducted with four replicates in laboratory. After application, leaves on which larvae and eggs were laid on blotting paper in order to dry and then they were placed in petri dishes. Dead and survival individuals were taken census at 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th and 9 th days. According to statistical analysis of observed data, effect of B. bassiana was 41.67% and 66.67% while effect of M. anisopliae was 91.67% and 100.00% on egg stag...
The variegated lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) is widely distributed in different agroecosystems of Turkey. Cannibalism, intraspecific predation, where individuals of the same species feed upon each other, is a common phenomenon in most aphidophagous coccinellids including H. variegata. We investigated the cannibalistic behavior of various growth stages of H. variegata in the presence and absence of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, 1776 under laboratory conditions. The results for cannibalism of eggs and larvae by adults revealed that eggs and younger larvae were more vulnerable to cannibalism. Notably, egg cannibalism by adults was found to be higher even at high prey abundance. Whereas, larval cannibalism was found significantly lower. Cannibalism of eggs by larvae and within the larvae showed that older larvae consumed significantly higher number of eggs and younger larvae in the absence of A. pisum indicating that cannibalism was mainly influenced by scarcity of prey. However, all the larval instars, especially 4 th and 3 rd instars, also consumed a substantial number of eggs even in the presence of prey. Cannibalism within the same stage/age larvae showed a successive increase with the successive larval stage showing minimum cannibalism by 1 st instar larvae and maximum by 4 th instar larvae. The study found that scarcity of prey leads to cannibalism in H. variegata and that egg cannibalism occurs even at high prey densities.
Organic farming seems to be a solution in environmentally sensitive zones such as the protection zone of Tahtalı Dam, which supplies fresh water to Izmir, the third largest city in Turkey. Greenhouse vegetable production is the major agricultural activity in this area (Menderes Township). However, due to the pollution risk from agriculture, governmental authorities have issued a regulation discouraging the use of chemicals within the collection basin of the dam. An on-farm project was conducted in 2001 to introduce organic greenhouse vegetable production in the Tahtalı Dam preservation area and to serve as a model for other areas in Turkey facing similar ecological problems. Two irrigation levels and four organic fertilizers were tested on the growth of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus cv. Sardes). The four fertilizers were two rates of farmyard and poultry manure (30 and 50 tons ha−1) with and without two organic fertilizers based on either bacteria or algae. During the growing period, pests and diseases were monitored weekly and preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used when necessary. Plant diseases did not create any significant problem, but the pest population, in particular spidermites, increased. No significant differences in cucumber yield were found between the fertilizer and irrigation treatments tested. However, it should be noted that yields from the addition of 30 tons ha−1 of farmyard or poultry manure and organic fertilizers were the same as those for 50 tons ha−1 of manure alone. The average total yield was 13 kg m−2, within an acceptable range for short-term crop production in this region, but 55% lower than a conventional substrate culture trial nearby. However, due to reduced production costs and a price premium for organic products, the organic produce yielded a net return of US$1.12–1.79 per m2 whereas that for conventional bag culture produce was US$0.55 per m2. Our results indicate that, under present conditions, organic greenhouse cucumber production has less environmental impact and is more economic than conventional bag culture, due to reduced chemical input and reduced operating and initial investment costs.
Cannibalism or intraspecific predation, where one species feeds on individuals of its own species, is a widespread phenomenon in most aphidophagous coccinellids. Laboratory studies were conducted on the cannibalistic behavior of various developmental stages of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the presence and absence of natural food, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In both the presence and absence of aphids, the eggs and 1st and 2nd instars of C. septempunctata were cannibalized by the adults, and the level was inversely related to the availability of aphids. The same was also true for cannibalism of eggs by larvae and within the larval stages, with older larvae consuming significantly higher numbers of eggs and younger larvae in the absence of aphids. The adults and 4th instar larvae also consumed a considerably higher number of eggs, even in the presence of aphids. Within the same stage/age of larvae, the level of cannibalism increased with each larval stage from minimum among 1st instars and maximum among 4th instars. The studies showed that a low density or scarcity of prey was the main cause of cannibalism in C. septempunctata.
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