International examinations such as TIMSS play a major role in determining the quality of the educational process. TIMSS results show that students have various deficiencies. Studies investigating the causes of this failure draw attention to textbooks. In this study it was aimed to examine the objectives in the 2018 mathematics curriculum and the tasks related to the data handling content domain from 4 th to 8 th grade textbooks according to TIMSS cognitive domains. In addition, similarities and differences the objectives in the curriculum and the tasks in the textbooks have with TIMSS 2019 cognitive domains were examined. Document analysis method was used and content analysis was conducted. The results revealed that the tasks in all the textbooks are predominantly in the cognitive domain of applying, followed by the cognitive domains of knowing and reasoning. In addition, it was determined that the objectives at all grade levels were predominantly concentrated in the cognitive domain of reasoning. Based on the results obtained, some suggestions were given.
ÖZETBu araştırmayla, öğretmen adaylarının olasılık konusuna ilişkin alan bilgilerinin kavramsalişlemsel bilgi kapsamında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Durum çalışması olarak yapılandırılan bu araştırma, kritik durum örneklemesine göre seçilen dört ilköğretim matematik öğretmen adayı ile yürütülmüştür. Öğretmen adaylarının olasılık konusuna ilişkin bilgilerini ortaya çıkarmak için 6 sorudan oluşan soru formu uygulanmış ve klinik görüşmelerle bilgileri hakkında derinlemesine bilgi edinilmiştir. Veri analizi sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının olasılık konusuna ilişkin işlemsel bilgilere orta ve üst düzeyde sahip olmalarına rağmen kavramsal açıdan birçok eksikleri olduğu, işlemsel olarak cevap verdikleri soruları neden o şekilde çözdüklerini açıklayamadıkları görülmüştür. Öğretmen adaylarının kavramsal-işlemsel bilgilerinin çok da dengeli olmadığı, kavramsal bilgilerin işlemsel bilgilere göre daha yetersiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda lisans seviyesinde verilen derslerde olasılık konusuna ilişkin işlemsel bilgi yanında kavramsal bilginin de geliştirilmesini hedefleyen içeriklerin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.
In some multidrug therapy programs, ketoconazole (KTZ) may be administered with some antacids that could modify its dissolution rate and reduce its absorption, thus leading to therapeutic failures. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Compritol HD5 ATO and Compritol 888 ATO on this interaction in comparison with commercial KTZ tablets. The second aim was to prepare lipid granules of KTZ that could be an alternative to the commercial formulation. Therefore, six KTZ sustained-release granules were prepared with different lipid concentrations, because they were found to be more suitable than tablets that are dissolved only in gastric medium. The results confirmed that the dissolution rate of KTZ granules was significantly reduced in the presence of antacids. The ideal formulation was selected as granules including 5% of Compritol lipids in relation to the suitability of the target profile. Therapeutic effects of orally administered, ideal KTZ granule formulations, and commercial tablets were evaluated in vivo by the experimental model of murine vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (VVC) with and without antacids. It was found that formulations were very effective on VVC, and the therapeutic effect decreased significantly in the presence of antacids. Histopathological studies were carried out for vagina, stomach, and liver tissues and hepatoxicity was also examined. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured to assess the oxidative stress induced by KTZ and function of the liver. It was observed that orally administered formulations of KTZ were successful in treating candidiasis in mice without irritancy in stomach. However, liver tissues were damaged. The decreased GSH levels indicated toxicity in our study. This study suggested that in vitro release and in vivo microbiological-toxicological properties of KTZ were affected by antacids and drug-excipient interactions. Lipid granules of KTZ prepared with Compritol 888 ATO could be proposed as a new KTZ solid dosage form with optimum dissolution and therapeutic characteristics.
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