Periodontal disease is a globally prevalent microbial infection-induced inflammatory disease that gradually causes the destruction of tooth supporting hard and soft tissues and ultimately tooth loss. The host immune-inflammatory response to microbial dental plaque is the main factor in onset, progression and severity of the disease. 1,2

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening chronic inflammatory disease in children due to respiratory complications. Saliva could serve as a reservoir of bacterial colonization and potentially reflect systemic inflammation. This study investigated whether salivary triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1), peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), interleukin (IL)-1 , and calprotectin are associated with CF or reflect concomitant gingival inflammation. Methods: Ten CF (aged 3 to 12 years) and 10 systemically healthy (SH) age-and sexmatched children (C) were enrolled in the study. Individuals with CF underwent routine laboratory determinations. Probing depth, gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded on fully erupted teeth and saliva samples collected. Salivary TREM-1, PGLYRP1, IL-1 , and calprotectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Children with CF had significantly higher BOP scores (P = 0.001) and calprotectin levels (P = 0.017) compared with the C group. TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and IL-1 could not distinguish between CF and SH but showed positive correlation with GI, PI, and BOP in both groups. Calprotectin levels positively correlated with procalcitonin (P = 0.014), thrombocyte counts (P = 0.001), mean platelet volume (P = 0.030), and with PGLYRP1 (P = 0.019) and IL-1 (P = 0.013) in CF children. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for calprotectin (CFvsC) showed an area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.99, P = 0.034). Conclusions: CF children presented with higher gingival inflammation scores and salivary calprotectin levels, that correlated with systemic inflammatory markers. Salivary calprotectin levels were not associated with periodontal parameters. Hence, preliminary data demonstrate that salivary calprotectin might have a chairside diagnostic potential for CF in children.

Background Leucine‐rich alpha‐2 glycoprotein (LRG) is a novel acute phase protein involved in inflammation‐associated diseases and that considered to be induced by multiple proinflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of LRG, interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in patients with Stage 3 periodontitis before and after non‐surgical periodontal treatment. Methods Twenty‐five Stage 3 periodontitis and twenty‐five periodontally healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded; periodontitis patients received non‐surgical periodontal treatment, and GCF and serum samples were obtained at baseline and at 6 weeks after treatment. LRG, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were determined by ELISA. Results GCF and serum LRG, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were significantly higher in periodontitis group than healthy controls (P < .001). A significant decrease in GCF and serum LRG, IL‐6 and TNF‐α was detected after periodontal treatment compared with baseline values of periodontitis patients (P < .001). Conclusion Our findings revealed that LRG expression was increased in Stage 3 periodontitis both locally and systemically, and non‐surgical periodontal therapy was effective in reducing LRG levels in GCF and serum of these patients.

Background: Hypoxia-inducible angiogenic pathway involving hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) may regulate several biological processes related to inflammation. The present study aimed to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) HIF-1 , VEGF, and TNFlevels in generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP). Methods: Twenty G-AgP patients and 20 periodontally healthy individuals were included. G-AgP patients received scaling and root planning (SRP), per quadrant at a 1-week-interval, performed with ultrasonic and periodontal hand instruments. GCF samples were collected and clinical periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 1 and 3 months after treatment. Biomarker levels in GCF were analyzed by ELISA. Results: At baseline all clinical parameters and GCF HIF-1 , VEGF, and TNFlevels were significantly higher in G-AgP patients compared to healthy control (P < 0.05). All clinical parameters improved over the 3-month-period in G-AgP patients (P < 0.05). GCF HIF-1 levels in G-AgP reduced at 1 and 3 months posttreatment, however, this did not reach to statistical significance (P > 0.05). GCF VEGF and TNF-levels remained unchanged throughout the study period (P > 0.05). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the levels of trefoil factor family (TFF)‐1, TFF‐3 and interleukin (IL)‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum of patients with gingivitis, stage 3 periodontitis and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods A total of 100 individuals consisting of 25 periodontally healthy, 25 gingivitis and 50 stage 3 periodontitis, were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal examinations were recorded and GCF, saliva and serum samples were obtained. TFF‐1, TFF‐3 and IL‐1β were measured by ELISA. Results TFF‐1 and TFF‐3 levels in both GCF, saliva and serum were higher in periodontitis patients than healthy controls (p < .001) and gingivitis group (p < .01). The levels of these peptides in all biofluids were similar between gingivitis and healthy control groups (p > .05). GCF, saliva and serum IL‐1β levels were also higher in periodontitis patients than the controls (p < .01). Periodontitis patients had elevated GCF and saliva IL‐β levels than gingivitis group (p < .001). Conclusion Elevated TFF‐1 and TFF‐3 levels both locally and systemically in periodontitis in parallel to increased IL‐1β levels might suggest that these peptides are involved in host response during the periodontal tissue destruction.

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