We transform the 3D underwater sensor network (USN) localization problem into its 2D counterpart by employing sensor depth information and a simple projection technique. We first prove that a nondegenerative projection preserves network localizability. We then prove that given a network and a constant k, all of the geometric k-lateration localization methods are equivalent. Based on these results, we design a purely distributed bilateration localization scheme for 3D USNs termed as Underwater Sensor Positioning (USP). Through extensive simulations, we show that USP has the following nice features: 1) improved localization capabilities over existing 3D methods, 2) low storage and computation requirements, 3) predictable and balanced communication overhead, and 4) robustness to errors from the underwater environment.
j ianjun-bai@ 163 .net Abstrmt-The dynamic topology of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks and variable traffic load in different satellite coverage areas pose special challenges to routing algorithm design in the phase of satellite network dimensioning. In this paper, a Compact Explicit Multi-path Routing (CEMR) algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm can support traffic load balancing in satellite networks with lower signal overhead compared to traditional multi-path routing algorithm or MPLS through a compact PathID encoding scheme. A PathID validating algorithm i s also given to guarantee loop free packet forwarding during transition of time interval. Results from simulations show that CEMR has better performance than other routing schemes in term of end-toend delay and packet loss probability, and is especially suited to data transferring in case of high traffic load in LEO satellite networks.
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