The article examines the views of foreign economists on the importance of the impact of intangible assets (IA) and goodwill on business. The main purpose of this study is to improve and develop approaches of accounting for IA and goodwill, reflecting them in the financial and management reporting. The systematization of literary sources and the study of regulatory documents showed that there were several problematic issues related to the accounting and reporting of IAs and goodwill that needed elaboration and clarification. The urgency of solving this scientific problem lies in the fact that due to the existence of unresolved issues in accounting for IA and goodwill, as well as the formation of indicators in the financial statements, there is a significant gap between the methodology of accounting for these assets and current requirements of the economy. It is proposed to amend the Methodological Provisions № 417 by allocating the IA into a separate group for more detailed state statistical observation of these assets. It is recommended to separate the subaccount for accounting software showing the detailed information for this subaccount in the Notes to the Annual Financial Statements. To reconcile goodwill with the Plan of Accounts and Reporting, it is offered to set out the title of Section 1 of the Notes to the Annual Financial Statement, as follows: «Intangible Assets and Goodwill». It is recommended to keep records of internal goodwill in managerial and financial accounting, with the separation of the subaccount, with amendments to Section 1 of the Notes to the Annual Financial Statements regarding the inclusion of additional line 095 «Internal Goodwill». For management accounting of IA and goodwill, it is proposed to use the form of internal management reporting, which is based on paragraph 5 «Notes to the Annual Financial Statements», which contains additional indicators that allow the management system to identify IA s both at the respective centres of responsibility and their units, for different periods, to control the amount, direction, deviation of the planned and actual expenses at the receipt of IA, etc. It is recommended to open an additional subaccount for accounting for IAs shortages with the disclosure in the Annex to Methodological Recommendations № 1327 of the procedure for accounting for IAs shortages using this subaccount. It is justified that the Management Report should be considered as a supplement to the financial statements. The management report proposes to disclose the information about the IA and, if available, about goodwill (internal goodwill), and to provide information aimed at the development of intellectual capital. Keywords: brand, internal goodwill, management report, management report, identification, intellectual capital, intangible assets (IA); non-current assets, accounting, managerial reporting, financial reporting.
Abstract. The evolution of accounting accounts in terms of accounting for intangible assets and related objects is considered in the article, as well as approaches to its construction to accurately reflect these objects in financial and management reporting, taking into account current trends in economic development are improved. The urgency of solving the scientific problem is that now there is a need to develop a new methodology for accounting for intangible assets and related objects. This is due to the significant differences between the book and market values of enterprises, due to the imperfection of the classification of intangible assets and related items, their recognition, measurement, accounting and financial reporting. Methodological means of the research are methods of scientific abstraction, historical, modeling, analysis of the content of normative documents, comparison, grouping, abstract-logical method. It is emphasized that the Global Monitoring of Intangible Finance, which shows the market value of the world’s leading companies, indicates a significant share of the intangible component in the value of companies and their lack of disclosure in accounting. It is noted that special attention should be paid to the reflection of intangible assets and related objects in the Ukrainian Chart of Accounts, which should ensure the unity of the accounting information system of each entity, as well as be the basis for consistency of accounting indicators in the financial reporting, on the basis of which statistical indicators are formed. The study of the history of intangible assets and related objects in the Chart of Accounts, which have been in force since 1959 to date, made it possible to note the changes that have occurred, to identify factors that influenced their evolution, to identify shortcomings in accounting , outline and analyze the current state and assess the development of this category for the future. It is noted that the account on which goodwill is kept has undergone the greatest transformation since 1993. It is noted that the separation of intangible assets for inclusion in the Chart of Accounts is carried out taking into account international, European and Ukrainian standards of expert evaluation and accounting. The necessity of separating a sub-account for accounting directly with software with the introduction of a sub-account for accounting firmware for software devices is substantiated. The need to separate current intangible assets on a separate account is revealed. The need to keep records of internal goodwill is noted, which will allow to identify the strengths of the company during its current activities, as well as to disclose them when selling, if necessary. It is recommended to open analytical accounts for accounting of internal goodwill on which intellectual assets are grouped by their types (human assets, personal internal goodwill of the head, client assets, intangible assets related to contracts, organizational assets, social assets, environmental assets). Keywords: intangible assets (IAS), goodwill, intellectual capital, accounting accounts, financial accounting, management accounting. JEL Classіfіcatіon М40 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 30.
The research paper reveals the essence of the concepts of joint activity, joint operation, and joint venture. A set of key features for classification of joint activities is identified and their impact on accounting of joint activities is assessed. The article also reviews the essential elements of accounting of joint activities in the light of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and characterizes the process of recording accounting entries related to basic operations, which depend on organizational forms of joint activities (a joint venture or a joint operation, with or without a separate entity). The paper provides a detailed description of three options for accounting of joint activities classified as joint operations, namely: joint operations without a separate entity; joint operations with a separate entity but without legal personality; a legal unit. Besides, a number of particular characteristics of measuring financial results from selling and purchasing assets within joint operations are identified. It is pointed out that one of the ways of effective use of fixed assets is promoting the implementation of managerial ac- counting of joint activities and internal reporting procedures of the results achieved. It is suggested that domestic enterprises of oil and gas industry should expand the practice of joint activities in order to effectively use fixed assets for oil and gas extraction and transportation. Before conducting joint activities, it is recommended that oil and gas industry enterprises compile initial calculations of their profitability at the level of managerial accounting. In the study, the following general and specific scientific methods of obtaining knowledge on economic phenomena are used: generalization, grouping and comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, etc.
The article presents an analysis of research practice on the classification criteria of current assets, noncurrent assets and low-cost assets. It is proved that the main feature for dividing assets into current and noncurrent (capital) ones should be seen in their planning operation period. It is reasoned that low-cost assets include assets worth up to UAH 2,500. It is proposed to change the name of Account 22 “Low-cost items” to “Non-durables” and to consolidate there its subsidiary accounts, respectively, “expensive”, “cheap” and “low-cost” non-durable items. Working clothes, safety footwear, and tools, whose planning operation period exceeds one year, should be attributed as noncurrent assets and presented on Account 10 “Capital assets” and Account 11 “Other noncurrent tangible assets”. The necessity of reducing primary documentation for accounting durable items is proved. It is substantiated that accounting treatment of intangible assets should be carried out not only as part of noncurrent assets on Account 12 “Intangible assets”, but also as part of current assets on Account 29 “Current intangible assets”. It is shown that the proposed changes will give internal users and investors an opportunity to receive more transparent and reliable information about enterprise’s financial health.
The research paper considers theoretical foundations for the concept of “logistic costs” and introduces a new definition for this term. The concept is viewed as a component of operating costs of enterprise related to supply of market, purchase of supply stock, warehousing, storage, shipment and outward transportation. The need of using the term “logistic costs” in accounting is emphasized. In this context, the authors suggest viewing it as the costs of material, financial and human resources used for logistic operations. A number of scientific papers related to estimating costs of logistic operations have been analyzed, and it is found that some issues of accounting of logistic costs are not sufficiently researched and require more detailed study. The existing classifications of total logistics costs given in educational and research literature are considered, and some proposals for their improvement are developed. It is pointed out that any optimization of costs cannot be performed without taking into account the factors that affect these costs. It is proved that logistic costs are influenced by quantitative and qualitative factors, which are systematized with respect to the following logistic operations: taking, accepting and proceeding orders; production planning; purchase and supply of products; warehousing and storage of products; sales of products; delivery of products to customers. The structure of logistic costs in overseas enterprises is analyzed. The tasks of accounting of logistics costs are outlined. Information on logistic costs in terms of financial and managerial accounting as well as tax calculation is grouped.
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