The rule that human beings seem to follow is to engage the brain only when all else fails-and usually not even then. AbstractGeneral models of tourist decision making have been developed to theorize tourist decision processes. These models have been based on the premise that tourists are rational decision makers and utility maximizers. Further, these models have been operationalized through input-output models to measure preferences and behavioral intentions. The extent that they remain viable to explain and predict tourist behavior as tourism markets mature however is uncertain. This review article critiques these approaches and proposes a new general model based on dual system theory to account for different types of choice strategies, the constructive nature of preferences, and to recognize the individual and contextual factors that influence choice processes. The article argues that a general tourist choice model should integrate the psychological processes that determine choice strategies, or heuristics, and consider choice context. These include individual differences, task-related factors, and principles determining system engagement. Future research and practical implications are outlined.

Previous research has shown that the use of negative emotions such as sadness in donation appeals can make people empathetic towards the donation target, increasing their tendency to donate (the “empathy‐helping” hypothesis). In this research we propose an “inspiration‐helping” hypothesis, and find that the positive emotion of strength can inspire people to donate. We show that combining the positive emotion of strength and the negative emotion of sadness is more effective as a means of persuading people to donate than the sadness‐dominating or the strength‐dominating emotion.

A rice htd-1 mutant, related to tillering and dwarfing, was characterized. We show that the htd-1 mutant increases its tiller number by releasing axillary buds from dormant stage rather than by initiating more axillary buds. The dwarf is caused by averagely reducing each internode and panicle. Based on this dwarfing pattern, the htd-1 mutant could be grouped into dn-type dwarf defined by Takeda (Gamma Field Symp 16:1, 1977). In addition, the dwarfing of the htd-1 mutant was found independent of GA based on the analyses of two GA-mediated processes. Based on the quantitative determination of IAA and ABA and application of the two hormones exogenously to the seedlings, we inferred that the high tillering capacity of the htd-1 mutant should not be attributed to a defect in the synthesis of IAA or ABA. The genetic analysis of the htd-1 mutant indicated that the phenotypes of high tillering and dwarf were controlled by a recessive gene, termed htd1. By map-based cloning, the htd1 gene was fine mapped in a 30-kb DNA region on chromosome 4. Sequencing the target DNA region and comparing the counterpart DNA sequences between the htd-1 mutant and other rice varieties revealed a nucleotide substitution corresponding to an amino acid substitution from prolin to leucine in a predicted rice gene, OsCCD7, the rice orthologous gene of AtMAX3/CCD7. With the evidence of the association between the presence of one amino acid change in OsCCD7 and the abnormal phenotypes of the htd-1 mutant, OsCCD7 was identified as the candidate of the HTD1 gene.

We show that consumers high in dialecticism—the tolerance of contradictions and the expectations of change (Peng & Nisbett, 1999)—respond differently than low‐dialecticism consumers to messages that have purely positive, mixed, or purely negative information. We find first that for low dialectics, felt ambivalence—and discomfort—is greater for mixed information messages than for negative or positive information. For high dialectics, however, mixed information leads to high felt ambivalence, but not to high discomfort. When given univalent positive or negative information messages, high dialectics have more thoughts about information opposite in valence to that presented, when presented with negative information messages. As a result, for high dialectics, univalent negative information produces the same high felt ambivalence, and even greater discomfort, than do mixed information messages. Through these non‐parallel effects, we show that the relationship between felt ambivalence and discomfort is itself moderated by dialecticism. Through three experiments and using a novel manipulation of dialecticism, we replicate and generalize these effects and provide process evidence.

Pyridazomycin (1), a new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces violaceoniger sp. griseofuscus (strain Tii 2557), was detected in a selective screening against Mucor hiemalis (Tii 179/180). The amino acid side chain of 1 can be seen as L-ornithine, whose r-nitrogen atom is part of a pyridazine ring building a quaternary ammonium system. The structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic analysis of the parent compoundand degradation products. The occurrence of a pyridazine ring in microbial secondary metabolites is unique.In the course of our screening for antifungal antibiotics especially active against Mucor hiemalis (Tii 179/180) we isolated pyridazomycin as a strongly basic compound from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces violaceoniger sp. griseofuscus (strain Tii 2557). In this report we describe the fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical characterization, structural elucidation and some biological properties of pyridazomycin2).Fermentation and Isolation The producing organism was a new soil isolate collected near Tula, Mexico, and identified as Streptomyces violaceoniger sp. griseofuscus (strain Tii 2557). Production of pyridazomycin was conducted in 100-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The cultures were harvested at 72 hours, when pyridazomycin production was maximal. The culture filtrate was adjusted to pH 3.0~3.5 and applied to Dowex 50W-X4.The active fractions were eluted with 4%aqueous ammoniasolution and adsorbed on charcoal. After elution with methanol the crude extract was further purified by chromatography on silica gel (butanol -acetic acid -water, 2 : 1 : 1) and Sephadex G-10 (water) followed by cation exchange on an Amberlite IRC-50 column with 0.5 msodium chloride solution as eluent. Repeated chromatography on Sephadex G-10 yielded pure pyridazomycin.Characterization and Structure ElucidationPyridazomycin is a white, hygroscopic amorphous powder (dec above 119°C), insoluble in t Seerefl.

Emotion is an important topic in tourism research; however, its complexity has prevented researchers from providing a complete picture. Prior research has covered aspects such as valence and specific emotion, but diversity of emotions (i.e., emodiversity) is missing. Emodiversity becomes particularly important in tourism, considering that people experience more diverse emotions during vacation than when at home. We introduce the concept of emodiversity and demonstrate how and why it is beneficial for tourists’ well-being. The effect of emodiversity is valid for both positive and negative emotions. The findings shed light on a new way to perceive emotions; rather than simply selling positive emotions for the sake of pleasantness, tourism managers should reconceptualize tourism as “emodiversity-seeking” instead of “pleasure-seeking” experiences.

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