For the purpose of improving the tumor delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), a kind of peptide-DOXO conjugate was designed and prepared, in which the peptide composed of an albumin-binding domain (ABD) and a tumor-specific internalizing sequence (RGDK or RPARPAR) was conjugated to a (6-maleimidocaproyl) hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH). The doxorubicin uptake by lung cancer cell line of A549 evidenced that the conjugates are capable of being internalized through a tumor-specific sequence mediated manner, and the intracellular imaging of distribution in A549 cell demonstrated that the conjugated doxorubicin can be delivered to the cell nucleus. The A549 cell cytotoxicity of peptide-DOXO conjugates was presented with IC values and shown in the range of about 9-11 μM. Pharmacokinetics study revealed that both conjugates exhibited nearly 5.5 times longer half-time than DOX, and about 4 times than DOXO-EMCH. The in vivo growth inhibitions of the two peptide-DOXO conjugates on BALB/c nude mice bearing A549 tumor (47.78% for ABD-RGDK-DOXO and 47.09% for ABD-RPARPAR-DOXO) were much stronger than that of doxorubicin and DOXO-EMCH (24.28% and 25.67% respectively) at a doxorubicin equivalent dose. Besides, the in vivo fluorescence imaging study confirmed that the peptide markedly increased the payload accumulation in tumor tissues and indicated that albumin binding domain fusing tumor-specific sequence effectively enhanced the tumor delivery of doxorubicin and thus improved its therapeutic potency.

Nanoparticles based on the heavy chain of the human ferritin (HFn) are arousing growing interest in the field of drug delivery due to their exceptional characteristics. However, the unsatisfied plasma half life of HFn substantially limits its application as a delivery platform for antitumor agents. Herein we fused an albumin binding domain (ABD) variant that basically derives from the streptococcal protein G and possesses a long-acting characteristic in serum albumin to the N-terminus of the HFn for the aim of half-life extension. This ABD-HFn construct was highly expressed and fully self-assembled into symmetrical and spherical structure in E. coli bacteria. The purified ABD-HFn showed a similar particle size with wild-type HFn and also exhibited an extremely high binding affinity with human serum albumin. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of this ABD-HFn construct in terms of half-life extension, we encapsulated a model antitumor agent doxorubicin (DOX) into the ABD-HFn. Significantly outstanding loading efficacy of above 60 molecules doxorubicin for each ABD-HFn cage was achieved. The doxorubicin-loaded ABD-HFn nanoparticle was characterized and further compared with the recombinant HFn counterpart. The ABD-HFn/DOX nanoparticle showed dramatically improved stability and comparable cell uptake rate when compared with HFn/DOX counterpart. Pharmacokinetics study in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that ABD-HFn/DOX nanoparticle possessed significantly prolonged plasma half life of ∼17.2 h, exhibiting nearly 19 times longer than that of free doxorubicin and 12 times for HFn/DOX. These optimal results indicated that fusion with ABD will be a promising strategy to extend the half life for protein-based nanoparticles.

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In this paper, we reported a novel strategy for the site-specific attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) of proteins using elevated hydrostatic pressure. The process was similar to the conventional one except the reactor was under elevated hydrostatic pressure. The model protein was recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (rhCNTF), and the reagent was monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol-maleimide (mPEG-MAL). PEGylation with mPEG (40 kDa)-MAL at pH 7.0 under normal pressure for 5 h achieved a less than 5% yield. In comparison, when the pressure was elevated, the PEGylation yield was increased dramatically, reaching nearly 90% at 250 MPa. Furthermore, the following phenomena were observed: (1) high-hydrostatic-pressure PEGylation (HHPP) could operate at a low reactant ratio of 1:1.2 (rhCNTF to mPEG-MAL), while the conventional process needs a much-higher ratio. (2) Short and long chains of PEG gave a similar yield of 90% in HHPP, while the conventional yield for the short chain of the PEG was higher than that of the long chain. (3) The reaction pH in the range of 7.0 to 8.0 had almost no influence upon the yield of HHPP, while the PEGylation yield was significantly increased by a factor of three from pH 7.0 to 8.0 at normal pressure. Surface accessibility analysis was performed using GRASP2 software, and we found that Cys17 of rhCNTF was located at the concave patches, which may have steric hindrance for the PEG to approach. The speculated benefit of HHPP was the facilitation of target-site exposure, reducing the steric hindrance and making the reaction much easier. Structure and activity analysis demonstrated that the HHPP product was comparable to the PEGylated rhCNTF prepared through a conventional method. Overall, this work demonstrated that HHPP, as we proposed, may have application potentials in various conjugations of biomacromolecules.

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