Original scientific paper The paper presents an application of the stochastic measurement approach for true RMS and power of noise. The instrument structure is based on two 2-bit flash analog-to-digital (A/D) converters whose inputs are the dithered noise, and on accumulation of the product of the converters' outputs. New theoretical expressions for predicting measurement result and measurement uncertainty, with inclusion of input signal's stochastic nature, are derived. Extensive simulations and experiments prove the validity of the proposed method and its low measurement uncertainty, even at a relatively low sampling rate. These indicate that, beside general applications for noise measurements, the instrument is suitable for chemical and biological substances detection that utilizes graphene sensors. Keywords: digital measurements; measurement uncertainty; noise measurement; stochastic processes Stohastičko mjerenje efektivne vrijednosti šuma dvo-bitnim flash A/D konvertorimaIzvorni znanstveni članak U ovom radu je predstavljena primjena pristupa stohastičkog mjerenja u mjerenju efektivne vrijednosti i snage šuma. Struktura instrumenta je zasnovana na dva dvo-bitna flash analogno-digitalna (A/D) konvertora, na čije ulaze se dovodi diterovani šum, i na akumulaciji proizvoda konvertorskih izlaza. Izvedeni su novi teorijski izrazi za predviđanje rezultata mjerenja i mjerne nesigurnosti, koji uključuju stohastičku prirodu ulaznih signala. Ekstenzivne simulacije i eksperimenti dokazuju validnost predložene metode i njenu nisku mjernu nesigurnost, čak i pri relativno niskoj frekvenciji uzorkovanja. Ovo ukazuje da je prikazani instrument, osim za opću primjenu u mjerenju šuma, pogodan i za detekciju kemijskih i bioloških tvari, zasnovanu na upotrebi grafenskih senzora.
This paper presents the concept of measurement of a crucial quantities in the public distribution network using the Fourier coefficients. The method for Fourier coefficients measurement is presented, as well as the instrument by which the measurement is performed. The accuracy of the measured coefficients is between 14 and 15 bits of FS.
Original scientific paper The paper proposes a novel approach to the measurement of the power grid voltage and/or current fundamental harmonic, using stochastic digital measurement method (SDMM) and 2-bit flash A/D converters. The power grid frequency variation in the European interconnection has been found as Gaussian. The influence of the frequency disturbance on the results of fundamental harmonic measurements is examined in detail. As theoretical analyses are extremely complex due to a high nonlinearity and stochastic nature of the problem, simulation analysis is employed as the primary method for fast testing and confirmation of the paper hypothesis. The results of realistic simulations give the measurement uncertainties below 0,01 % and 0,013 %, for the measured grid voltage and current, respectively. Experimental validation has been carried out by comparison of the commercial instrument measurements and the measurements of SDMM based prototype instrument. It has been found that results are in accordance. Keywords: digital measurements; fundamental harmonic measurement; power grid; simulation; stochastic processes Mjerenje osnovnog harmonika u mreži uz prisustvo Gaussovog poremećaja frekvencije uporabom 2-bitnih flash A/D konverteraIzvorni znanstveni članak U radu se predlaže novi pristup mjerenju osnovnog harmonika mrežnog napona i/ili struje, pomoću stohastičke digitalne mjerne metode i 2-bitnih flash A/D konvertera. Utvrđeno je da je varijacija mrežne frekvencije u Europskoj interkonekciji Gaussova. Podrobno je ispitan utjecaj poremećaja frekvencije na rezultate mjerenja osnovnog harmonika. Kako su teorijske analize iznimno složene zbog velike nelinearnosti i stohastičke prirode problema, simulacijska analiza se koristi kao primarna metoda za brzo ispitivanje i potvrđivanje hipoteze rada. Rezultati realističnih simulacija daju mjerne nesigurnosti ispod 0,01 % i 0,013 % za mjerene mrežne napone i struje, respektivno. Provedena je eksperimentalna provjera, usporedbom mjerenja komercijalnog instrumenta i mjerenja prototipa instrumenta koji se temelji na SDMM metodi. Utvrđeno je da su rezultati u skladu.
The aim of this paper is to give a brief review of a developed solution for measurement firmware used in pulse oximetry. The goal of this development was to prove the concept of designing a simple, cheap but reliable system for measuring blood oxygenation and pulse rate. The main goal has been achieved, and the results obtained by this measurement configuration are more than satisfactory.
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