The study aimed to determine the biological activities of 70% methanol extracts of nine Cladonia species from Turkey. The chemical composition was analyzed via spectrophotometric and chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. DPPH • (1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS +• (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities, inhibition of βcarotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation, and cytotoxicity on A549 and COLO205 cell lines were studied. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed on the Raw 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line by determining nitric oxide (NO) levels. Among the studied Cladonia species Cladonia firma was found the most active extract in ABTS +• test system (2.58±0.04 mmol/L/Trolox) and also in the cytotoxicity and antiinflammatory experiments. Cladonia pocillum, Cladonia rangiformis, and Cladonia foliaceae were also found to be active. Fumarprotocetraric acid amounts are between 1.89-23.82 mg gextract -1 and fumarprotocetraric acid content did not show linearity with biological activities. It has been proved with this study that lichens traditionally used in treatment have as much biological activity as plants and can be evaluated in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Despite the recent increase in studies on lichenicolous fungi in Turkey, there is still no checklist. A key to lichenicolous fungus prepared by Halıcı (2008) were published 118 taxa from the Turkey. So far, the numbers of lichenicol fungi known in Turkey is 193. Generally, lichenicol Ascomycota and mitosporic fungi records are reported, whereas lichenicol Basidiomycota recording is rare. Tremella macrobasidiata is reported on Lecanora chlarotera from Turkey for the first time. The morphological, anatomical and ecological characteristics of the species are given. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing the sequence data of the ITS region of closely related species.
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