Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the main cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is more extensive and diffuse in diabetics in spite of antiplatelet therapy. Hence, the prevention and the early diagnosis of CAD among patients with T2DM are very important. There is a variety of hemostasis abnormalities in T2DM. Therefore, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may have a link between T2DM and CAD. Aim The aim was to evaluate the plasma fibrinogen and PAI-1 levels in some Egyptian patients with T2DM with and without CAD. Patients and methods A total of 30 Egyptian patients with T2DM attending the Internal Medicine Department of Al Zahraa Hospital were included in this study. Their ages ranged between 31 and 54 years. Based on ECG changes and echocardiography, the patients were divided into the following: 15 who had CAD and 15 without. Another 15 apparently healthy participants were enrolled as a control group. Blood samples were analyzed for routine blood tests, fasting lipid profile, renal function, liver function, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma fibrinogen, and PAI-1, which was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Plasma fibrinogen and PAI-1 were significantly higher in Egyptian patients with T2DM with CAD than those who had only T2DM, and both markers were higher in Egyptian patients with T2DM than healthy controls. Fibrinogen and PAI-1 levels were positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin in Egyptian patients with T2DM. Conclusion Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients with T2DM are prone to develop CAD more often than not owing to increase in plasma fibrinogen and PAI-1 levels; therefore, we can give a small dose of anticoagulant for all patients with T2DM.
Background Retinol has been involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have emerged as the most common chronic liver diseases. A minority of affected patients develop subsequently hepatic fibrosis, whereas most of them exhibit simple steatosis. Indeed, the relation between retinol and NAFLD and NASH is still incomplete and unknown. Objective This study aimed to identify the clinical relevance of retinol in patients with NAFLD and NASH. Patients and methods This study enrolled 90 individuals who were selected from the outpatient clinic of Al Zahraa University Hospital, Egypt, which comprised 30 patients with NAFLD, 30 with NASH and 30 healthy persons as a control group. Serum glucose, lipid profiles, markers of liver damage, serum retinol, and abdominal ultrasound were studied. Results Serum retinol concentrations were significantly lower in NAFLD and NASH than in control, where the mean serum retinol concentration in patients with NAFLD was 23.02±2.9 and NASH was 11.7±2.3, and it was significantly lower than those in controls, with 36.1±2.7 (P<0.01). Conclusion Circulating retinol concentrations were lower in patients with NAFLD and were associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.
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