The chemical composition and antimicrobial effect of essential oils derived from Teucrium polium L. and Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. in in vitro conditions were investigated in the present study. The results from the gas chromatographyÀmass spectrometry analysis showed that the obtained (Z)-b-farnesene from T. polium was with the highest percentage (15.49%), whereas b-pinene from the same plant was with the lowest percentage (0.74%). The 1,8-cineole in A. millefolium subsp. millefolium was with the highest percentage (22.83%), whereas p-cymene in the same plant was with the lowest percentage (0.93%). In the antimicrobial studies, the essential oils' effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Q157:H7 and Bacillus cereus CCM 99 were investigated using the agar well method. P. aeruginosa and MRSA showed the biggest inhibition zones (15 mm), whereas E. coli Q157:H7 showed the smallest inhibition zone (11 mm), each generated by using T. polium essential oils. MRSA showed the biggest inhibition zone (21 mm), whereas P. aeruginosa showed the smallest inhibition zone (10 mm), both obtained by using A. millefolium subsp. millefolium essential oils. Therefore, it was concluded that the essential oils obtained from the two plant species had an inhibition effect on resistant microorganisms .
In this paper, the heavy metal levels (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Hg), organic carbon, and chlorophyll degradation products were studied to prove their ecological effects in Lake Çıldır, where fossil fuels are used as an energy source in the studied area for most of the year, and domestic waste from settlements is discharged directly into the lake. Sediment samples were collected from six sites on the northern shore of Çıldır Lake, Turkey in November 2012. Enrichment (EF) and contamination factor (CF) values were determined, and Pollution Load (PLI) and Potential Ecological Risk (PER) indices were calculated. Average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were, in descending order, Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Hg, respectively. According to mean values, the source of these elements may be considered natural due to lack of enrichment in Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr in the sediment samples. Regarding enrichment of As, Cd, Mn, and Hg, the highest EF belongs to Hg. PLI and PER values indicate there are moderate ecological risk in the lake.
In this study, 10 pear genotypes ( _ Incir, Bal, Nene, Kabak, Banda, Kırmızı, _ Imlahor, Baraka, Limon and G€ u g€ um), which grow in the Ardahan region, were evaluated for their total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, brix , pH, titratable acidity, total ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity. According to the results, the pear genotypes used in this study had a high brix8 content, high phenolic, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents, as well as high antioxidant activity. It was determined that 'Bal' pear had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In 'Nene' and 'Incir' pears, the quantity of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin, as well as the antioxidant activity were less than those in the other genotypes. Correlations between brix and pH, acidity and pH, peel phenolic content and flesh phenolic content, flesh ascorbic acid content and peel phenolic content, peel antioxidant activity and flesh phenolic content, were found to be significant. As a conclusion, due to the high levels of antioxidants and other bioactive compounds in pears, it is suggested to consume those fruits, especially with their peels. The results from this study will provide new insights into farming, fresh fruit consumption, industrial food processing and future research studies. IntroductıonPear is an important type of fruit, which is grown in Torrid Zones.[1] China is in the first place of pear farming with its 60% share of the pear production in the world.[2] According to 2012 data, Turkey's annual pear production is 387,345 tons.[3] Pear, which is native to Anatolia, Caucasia and Central Asia, has nearly 600 types in our country. In Ardahan region, 38 tons of pears are produced annually in a 34 daa area. However, this amount of pear production provides limited economic profit to farmers compared to other agricultural products in the region.Fruits, like pear, are important nutritions as carbohydrate sources. They contain approximately 54% fructose, 18% sorbitol, 15% sucrose, 13% glucose, low protein (0.5%) and lipid (0.3%) contents and high incidence of fibre (15À28 g/kg). These rates are suitable for diabetic and obese patients. [4,5] Pear contains more fibre than many other fruits.[6] In addition to the high level of carbohydrate and fibre, it contains other important nutritional elements, such as vitamins, minerals, anthocyanins and phenolic contents.[7] Phenolic compounds have a significant importance in the resistance to mechanical and biological stress. They also have a great importance due to the presence of pharmacological characteristics and factors which reveal the quality of the fruit, such as flavour, colour, soreness and acidity. [8] Other previously performed studies showed that fruit consumption reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular and nerve diseases.[9À12] It is stated that the antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds within fruits and vegetables reduces the disease risk.[13] Therefore, consumption of nourishments containin...
Bu çalışmada Ardahan bölgesinde yetişen 26 elma çeşidinde toplam fenolik madde içeriği, toplam antosiyanin içeriği, suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM), pH, titre edilebilir asitlik, toplam askorbik asit içeriği ve antioksidan kapasitesi belirlenerek çeşitlerin besleyici değeri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. SÇKM içeriği yüksek, asitlikleri düşük olan çeşitler Şah Elması ve Dervişbey, SÇKM içeriği düşük ve asitliği yüksek olan çeşit ise Mahara olarak belirlenmiştir. Limon Elması ve Yabani Elma'nın biyoaktif bileşik içeriğinin ve meyve kalitesinin diğer çeşitlere oranla düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İçi kırmızı Uruset çeşidinin toplam fenolik madde ve antosiyanin içeriği ile antioksidan kapasite yönünden, Mahara çeşidinin ise askorbik asit içeriği yönünden diğer çeşitlerden zengin oldukları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bölgede yetişen çeşitlerin yüksek besleyici değere ve antioksidan kapasiteye sahip oldukları ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu bakımdan meyvelerin içerdikleri sağlığa faydalı bileşiklerden ötürü fonksiyonel gıda kaynağı olarak özellikle kabuklarıyla birlikte tüketilmeleri önerilmektedir.
ÖZET: Kayısı ağaçlarında meyve verimliliği kısırlık, uyuşmazlık ya da çevresel faktörlerden etkilendiği gibi, polenin canlılık ve çimlenme özelliklerinden de etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada "Paviot" ve "Levent" kayısı genotipleri ile bu iki genotipin melezleme çalışmaları sonucu elde edilmiş 89 F 1 bitkisinin polen canlılık oranları tespit edilmiş, polenlere in vitro koşullarda polen çimlenme testi uygulanarak çimlenme yüzdeleri ve polen tüpü uzunlukları belirlenmiştir. F 1 bitkilerinin polen canlılık oranları ve çimlenme yüzdeleri istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur. Paviot çeşidinde canlı polen oranının Levent genotipine oranla daha yüksek olduğu, melez genotiplerde ise polen canlılık oranlarının % 21.8-81.3 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı şekilde polen çimlenme oranı Paviot çeşidinde % 84.8, Levent genotipinde % 54.7 iken polen tüpü uzunluğu sırasıyla 107 μm ve 76.3 μm olarak tespit edilmiştir. F 1 genotiplerinde polen çimlenme oranlarının % 11.4-96.3 değerleri arasında olduğu, en uzun polen tüpüne sahip bireyin PL-074 (152.7 μm), en kısa polen tüpüne sahip bireyin ise PL-021 (25.7 μm) olduğu belirlenmiştir. PL-68 ve PL-74 numaralı genotiplerin meyve ağırlıklarının, SÇKM oranlarının, aynı zamanda verimlerinin de yüksek olması bu genotiplerin ıslah programlarında tozlayıcı olarak başarıyla kullanılabileceklerini göstermektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kayısı, melez, polen, tozlayıcı, çimlenme POLLEN VITALITY, GERMINATION CONDITIONS AND POLLEN TUBE LENGHT INVESTIGATION OF HYBRID APRICOT GENOTYPESABSTRACT: Also the fruit productivity of apricot trees are influenced by infertility, incompatibility or environmental factors, it is effected by pollen viability and germination characteristics. In this study pollen vitality of 89 F 1 plants of "Paviot" and "Levent" genotype were located; pollen tube lengths and germination percent were determined by in vitro germination test. Pollen vitality ratios and germination percent of F1 plants were statistically found to be distinctive. In Paviot genotype vital pollen ratio was higher than Levent genotype, and in hybrid genotype pollen vitality was found to be 21.8-81.3%. Likewise pollen germination ratios were for Paviot genotype 84.8%, Levent genotype 54.7% and pollen tube lengths were 107 um for the former and 76.3 um for the latter. Pollen germination rate for F 1 genotype was documented between 11.4-96.3% and the individual plant with the longest pollen tube was PL-074 (152.7 um) and shortest pollen tube was PL-021 (25.7um). The highest pollen viability and germination rate were determined for PL-068 and PL-074 genotypes. It shows that these genotypes could be used successfully as pollinators in breeding programs because of their fruit weights, TSS rates and yields.
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