BackgroundPost partum hemorrhage is defined as blood loss of 500 ml or above. It is the most common cause of pre-mature mortality of women world wide. Our objective was to evaluate the most common etiology and method of management of Post partum Hemorrhage in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.FindingsIt was a cross sectional study conducted at Liaquat National Hospital Karachi, during the period of July 2011 to May 2012. Review include mode of delivery, possible cause of postpartum hemorrhage, supportive, medical and surgical interventions. All the women admitted with post partum hemorrhage or develop PPH in hospital after delivery were included in our study. Bleeding disorder and use of anticoagulants were set as exclusion criteria. Diagnosis was made on the basis of blood loss assessment which was made via subjective and objective evaluation.During the targeted months, out of total 1493 deliveries (26/1493 = 1.741%) 26 cases of post partum hemorrhage were reported with a mean age of 26.153 ± 7.37. No deaths were reported and all cases were referred and unbooked cases. All Patients were conscious, tachycardiac and hypotensive. Most of the women were suffering from hemorrhage during or after the birth of their 1st child. Primary post partum hemorrhage emerge as the most common type of post partum hemorrhage and uterine atony was detected as the most common cause of primary post partum hemorrhage. Retained products of conception was the most common cause of secondary post partum hemorrhage and hysterectomy was found to be the most frequent method of management of post partum hemorrhage.ConclusionThis study highlights the existing variable practices for the management of postpartum hemorrhage. Hemorrhage associated morbidity and mortality can be prevented by critical judgment, early referral and resuscitation by attendants. Introduction of an evidence-based management model can potentially reduce the practice variability and improve the quality of care.
IntroductionLymphatic spread is the most common route of spread of endometrial carcinoma, and the most frequently involved lymph nodes are those of the external iliac group. MRI is one of the best imaging tools for the preoperative evaluation of patients with endometrial carcinoma. The objective of the current study is to analyze the relationship between tumor size and lymph node metastasis in patients with type I endometrial carcinoma.
Introduction: Adolescence is a significant period between childhood and adulthood when physical and psychological changes occur along with menstruation. The onset of puberty is governed by genetic, endocrinal, neuronal, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Endocrine abnormalities in adolescents are not uncommon and can lead to menstrual disorders. This study's objective is to identify the prevalence of underlying endocrine abnormalities and their association with menstrual disorders among adolescents at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adolescent girls presenting with menstrual disorders at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2021. We collected a detailed history from each patient. All physical examinations were performed in the presence of a female nurse, and we carefully maintained patient privacy. The physical examinations consisted of recording the patient's height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and thyroid examination. We also noted the patient's hirsutism score and the presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics. All the patients received a hormonal evaluation in which we measured their thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, and follicle-stimulating hormone (on day two of their menstrual cycle and random FSH was measured for amenorrhea patients), prolactin, and free androgen index. Results: The study included 143 adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 with menstrual disorders such as primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, frequent menstrual bleeding, infrequent menstrual bleeding, shortened menstrual bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and intermenstrual bleeding. The mean menarcheal age of the patient population was 12.1 ± 0.4 years, and the mean BMI was 25.27 ± 5.02 kg/m2. One hundred twenty-four patients (86.7%) reported polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Most PCOS patients had infrequent menstrual bleeding (85.5%), 46% had biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and 18.5% of PCOS patients showed clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. The most common menstrual problems reported by the patients were infrequent menstrual bleeding (74.1%), followed by shortened menstrual bleeding (61.5%), and heavy menstrual bleeding (9.8%). Thyroid dysfunction was present in the form of hypothyroidism (67.4%) and hyperthyroidism (32.6%). Over half of the hypothyroid patients (58.1%) presented with infrequent menstrual bleeding,41.9% presented with shortened menstrual bleeding and 41.9% with heavy menstrual bleeding .Infrequent menstrual bleeding (73.3%) and shortened menstrual bleeding (66.7%) were the most common menstrual problems in hyperthyroid patients. We found a significant association between thyroid disorder and infrequent menstrual bleeding (p=0.037), heavy menstrual bleeding (p<.001), and shortened menstrual bleeding (p=0.051). Heavy menstrual bleeding was also significantly related to hyperprolactinemia (p=0.036). Conclusions: Our study showed that endocrine abnormalities in thyroid dysfunction, PCOS, hyperprolactinemia, and hyperandrogenism could cause various menstrual problems in adolescent girls. Hence, underlying endocrine abnormalities need to be investigated and treated to improve adolescents' physical and mental well-being.
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