An operative and versatile household energy management system is proposed to develop and implement demand response (DR) projects. These are under the hybrid generation of the energy storage system (ESS), photovoltaic (PV), and electric vehicles (EVs) in the smart grid (SG). Existing household energy management systems cannot offer its users a choice to ensure user comfort (UC) and not provide a sustainable solution in terms of reduced carbon emission. To tackle these problems, this research work proposes a heuristic-based programmable energy management controller (HPEMC) to manage the energy consumption in residential buildings to minimize electricity bills, reduce carbon emissions, maximize UC and reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAR). We used our proposed hybrid genetic particle swarm optimization (HGPO) algorithm and existing algorithms like a genetic algorithm (GA), binary particle swarm optimization algorithm (BPSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), wind-driven optimization algorithm (WDO), bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) to schedule smart appliances optimally to attain our desired objectives. In the proposed model, consumers use solar panels to produce their energy from microgrids. We also perform MATLAB simulations to validate our proposed HGPO-HPEMC (HHPEMC), and results confirm the efficiency and productivity of our proposed HPEMC based strategy. The proposed algorithm reduced the electricity cost by 25.55%, PAR by 36.98%, and carbon emission by 24.02% as compared to the case of without scheduling.

There will be a dearth of electrical energy in the prospective world due to exponential increase in electrical energy demand of rapidly growing world population. With the development of internet-of-things (IoT), more smart devices will be integrated into residential buildings in smart cities that actively participate in electricity market via demand response (DR) programs to efficiently manage energy in order to meet this increasing energy demand. Thus, with this incitement, an energy management strategy using price-based DR program is developed for IoT-enabled residential buildings. We propose a wind-driven bacterial foraging algorithm (WBFA), which is a hybrid of wind-driven optimization (WDO) and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithms. Subsequently, we devised a strategy based on our proposed WBFA to systematically manage the power usage of IoT-enabled residential building smart appliances by scheduling to alleviate peak-to-average ratio (PAR), minimize cost of electricity, and maximize user comfort (UC). This increases effective energy utilization, which in turn increases the sustainability of IoT-enabled residential buildings in smart cities. The WBFA-based strategy automatically responds to price-based DR programs to combat the major problem of the DR programs, which is the limitation of consumer’s knowledge to respond upon receiving DR signals. To endorse productiveness and effectiveness of the proposed WBFA-based strategy, substantial simulations are carried out. Furthermore, the proposed WBFA-based strategy is compared with benchmark strategies including binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), genetic wind driven optimization (GWDO) algorithm, and genetic binary particle swarm optimization (GBPSO) algorithm in terms of energy consumption, cost of electricity, PAR, and UC. Simulation results show that the proposed WBFA-based strategy outperforms the benchmark strategies in terms of performance metrics.

Existing power grids (PGs) and in-home energy management controllers do not offer its users the choice to maintain comfort and provide a bearable solution in terms of low cost and reduced carbon emission. This work is based on energy usage scheduling and management under electric utility and renewable energy sources i.e., solar energy (SE), controllable heat and power (CHP) and wind energy (WE) together. Efficient integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and battery storage system (BSS) have been suggested to solve the energy management problem, reduce the bill cost, peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and carbon emission. User's electricity bill reduction have been achieved by proposed power usage scheduling method and integrating low cost RESs. PAR minimization have been achieved through shifting the demand in response to real time price from high-peak hours to low-peak hours. In this context, load scheduling and energy storage system management controller (LSEMC) is proposed which is based on heuristic algorithms i.e., genetic algorithm (GA), wind driven optimization (WDO), binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) and our suggested hybrid of GA, WDO and PSO (HGPDO) algorithm. The performance of the heuristic algorithms and proposed scheme is evaluated numerically. Results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm and the LSEMC reduces the electricity bill, PAR and CO 2 in Case 1, by 58.69%, 52.78% and 72.40%, in Case 2, by 47.55%, 45.02% and 92.90% and in Case 3, by 33.6%, 54.35% and 91.64%, respectively as compared with unscheduled. Moreover, the user comfort by our proposed HGPDO algorithm in terms of delay, thermal, air quality and visual improves by 35.55%, 16.66%, 91.64% and 45%, respectively. INDEX TERMS Energy management; battery energy storage systems; renewable; hybrid heuristic algorithms; power usage scheduling; smart grid.

Energy consumption forecasting is of prime importance for the restructured environment of energy management in the electricity market. Accurate energy consumption forecasting is essential for efficient energy management in the smart grid (SG); however, the energy consumption pattern is non-linear with a high level of uncertainty and volatility. Forecasting such complex patterns requires accurate and fast forecasting models. In this paper, a novel hybrid electrical energy consumption forecasting model is proposed based on a deep learning model known as factored conditional restricted Boltzmann machine (FCRBM). The deep learning-based FCRBM model uses a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function and a multivariate autoregressive technique for the network training. The proposed model predicts future electrical energy consumption for efficient energy management in the SG. The proposed model is a novel hybrid model comprising four modules: (i) data processing and features selection module, (ii) deep learning-based FCRBM forecasting module, (iii) genetic wind driven optimization (GWDO) algorithm-based optimization module, and (iv) utilization module. The proposed hybrid model, called FS-FCRBM-GWDO, is tested and evaluated on real power grid data of USA in terms of four performance metrics: mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), variance, correlation coefficient, and convergence rate. Simulation results validate that the proposed hybrid FS-FCRBM-GWDO model has superior performance than existing models such as accurate fast converging short-term load forecasting (AFC-STLF) model, mutual information-modified enhanced differential evolution algorithm-artificial neural network (MI-mEDE-ANN)-based model, features selection-ANN (FS-ANN)-based model, and Bi-level model, in terms of forecast accuracy and convergence rate.

In this paper, we propose a random access protocol for vehicular-to-infrastructure communications. We consider the case where an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) provides assistance to a roadside unit to enhance the system throughput. In a traditional carrier sense multiple access schemes (CSMA), the vehicle senses the channel first and it does not transmit the data until the channel is free. However, the CSMA has been shown to be often wasteful of resources and includes potentially unbounded channel access delays in dense networks. In this paper, we use the capture effect, where collisions can be resolved, provided the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio is larger than a predetermined threshold. Moreover, we show that the access probability of the vehicles can be optimized based on the known density of the network to maximize throughput. Based on the proposed random access protocol, we model the behavior of the vehicles using a two-dimensional Markov chain and derive the expression for the average system throughput. Finally, we propose two transmission power control schemes to further enhance system throughput. We present extensive simulation results to show that the UAV can provide 9%-38% improvement in throughput for variable network densities. INDEX TERMSVehicular and wireless technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless communication, wireless network, CSMA, Markov chain, random access, capture effect. I. INTRODUCTION Vehicular communication networks have received huge attention from the research community as well as the industry, for its potential to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and on-board information and entertainment. Some of the main communication standards developed for vehicular networks include the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) in the US [1]. DSRC is based on IEEE 802.11p [2], which is part of the wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) architecture. IEEE 802.11p uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/ CA) [3], originally designed for wireless local area networks (WLAN). However, while WLAN is characterized by low mobility and low density, vehicular networks are notorious for their dynamic topology, high-mobility environment, and requirement for scalability for high density networks. Thus, researchers have recently grown skeptical of the CSMA/CA for vehicular networks [3], [4].In this regards, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) proposed long term evolution vehicle-to-everything (LTE V2X) [5], which offers cellular networks to vehicles, based on D2D communications. LTE V2X is still, however, a centralized approach as it relies heavily on the network for time and frequency synchronization. In general, centralized approaches are more reliable than CSMA/CA and, thus, more suitable for critical safety-related messages. However, centralized approaches incur large control overhead, require control channels and infrastructure as well as complex resource allocation algorithms. Thus, they might be unnecessarily costly for less critic...

In order to have the benefits offered by Proactive Routing and Reactive Routing while reducing the undesirable effects of both respectively, Hybrid Routing is suggested to be used in ad-hoc and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). One such hybrid routing protocol is the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). ZRP attempts to reduce the initial route discovery delay in case of reactive routing, and the control traffic in case of proactive routing by dividing the network into zones. Within each zone proactive routing is used while between zones, reactive routing is used. In this paper we evaluate the performance of ZRP when instead of proactive routing, reactive routing is used within zones and proactive routing is used between zones. Apparently this approach might indicate that the whole purpose of using hybrid routing is defeated. However, we take into account the parameters of throughput and delay while evaluating the performance. We also compare our reverse approach with the conventional ZRP to check the effect on routing traffic.

Electricity demand is rising due to industrialisation, population growth and economic development. To meet this rising electricity demand, towns are renovated by smart cities, where the internet of things enabled devices, communication technologies, dynamic pricing servers and renewable energy sources are integrated. Internet of things (IoT) refers to scenarios where network connectivity and computing capability is extended to objects, sensors and other items not normally considered computers. IoT allows these devices to generate, exchange and consume data without or with minimum human intervention. This integrated environment of smart cities maintains a balance between demand and supply. In this work, we proposed a closed-loop super twisting sliding mode controller (STSMC) to handle the uncertain and fluctuating load to maintain the balance between demand and supply persistently. Demand-side load management (DSLM) consists of agents-based demand response (DR) programs that are designed to control, change and shift the load usage pattern according to the price of the energy of a smart grid community. In smart grids, evolved DR programs are implemented which facilitate controlling of consumer demand by effective regulation services. The DSLM under price-based DR programs perform load shifting, peak clipping and valley filling to maintain the balance between demand and supply. We demonstrate a theoretical control approach for persistent demand control by dynamic price-based closed-loop STSMC. A renewable energy integrated microgrid scenario is discussed numerically to show that the demand of consumers can be controlled through STSMC, which regulates the electricity price to the DSLM agents of the smart grid community. The overall demand elasticity of the current study is represented by a first-order dynamic price generation model having a piece-wise linear price-based DR program. The simulation environment for this whole scenario is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations validate that the closed-loop price-based elastic demand control technique can trace down the generation of a renewable energy integrated microgrid.

The implementation of real-time price-based demand response program and integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) improves efficiency and ensure stability of electric grid. This paper proposes a novel intelligent optimization based demand-side management (DSM) framework for smart grid integrated with RESs. In the intelligent DSM framework the artificial neural network (ANN) forecasts energy usage behavior of consumers and real-time price-based demand response program (RTPDRP) of electric utility company (EUC). The smart energy management controller of the proposed intelligent DSM framework adapts forecasted energy usage behavior of consumers using forecasted RTPDRP to create operation schedule. The consumers implement the created schedule to minimize energy cost, peak load, carbon emission subjected to improving user comfort and avoiding rebound peaks. Simulations are conducted using our proposed hybrid genetic ant colony (HGAC) optimization algorithm to create schedule for three cases: EUC without RESs, EUC with RESs, and EUC with both RESs and storage technologies. To endorse the applicability and productivity of the proposed DSM framework based on HGAC optimization algorithm with five existing algorithms based frameworks. Simulation results show that the proposed DSM framework is superior compared with the existing frameworks in terms of energy cost minimization, peak load mitigation, carbon emission alleviation, and user discomfort minimization. The proposed HGAC optimization algorithm reduced electricity cost, carbon emission, and peak load by 12.16%, 4.00%, and 19.