Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been known to adversely affect the endocrine system leading to compromised functions of hormones. The presence of these compounds in everyday products such as canned food, water bottles, plastics, cosmetics, fertilizers, kid’s toys and many others goods is a greater concern for general population. The persistent and long-term use of EDCs has deleterious effects on human reproductive health by interfering with the synthesis and mechanism of action of sex hormones. Any change during the synthesis or action of the sex hormones may result in abnormal reproductive functions which includes developmental anomalies in the reproductive tract and decline in semen quality. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible impact on male reproductive health with major focus on semen quality which leads to male infertility.
Background:Endometriosis is one of the common causes of infertility with very diverse etiology. In modern lifestyle, humans are exposed to several endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which may lead to reproductive disturbances. Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the common EDCs to which women are exposed by the use of cosmetics, perfumes, food packaging, medicine, and insecticides.Aim:The aim of this study was to measure the levels of DEHP in women diagnosed with endometriosis and healthy females and to compare these levels among different stages of endometriosis.Setting and Design:This descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital.Subjects and Methods:This study comprised of fifty women diagnosed with endometriosis, aged 20–40 years, and fifty age-matched healthy, fertile women without endometriosis. Females on any medication/comorbid conditions were excluded from the study. Serum DEHP concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) (ng/ml of DEHP).Statistical Analysis:Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 20. Two-sample Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were applied for the analysis.Results:The mean ± SD value of DEHP in cases was 65.29 ± 21.69 ng/ml; however, the mean ± SD value of DEHP in controls was undetectable. Comparison of DEHP among stages of endometriosis revealed an increasing trend with advanced stages (III and IV). The values were not different between the two age groups of women with endometriosis (20–30 and 31–40 years).Conclusion:High levels of DEHP in women diagnosed with endometriosis suggest a role of phthalates in the etiology of endometriosis and permit careful use of such compounds.
Background and Objective: Premature ovarian failure is a worldwide concern effecting 1% of females of reproductive age. The objective of the present study was to analyze the role of inhibin alpha (INHα) gene mutation (769G>A) in patients with premature ovarian failure (POF) in the local population. Methods: This case-control association studywas conducted in Department of Gynecology, Jinnah Hospital and The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health from July 2015-July 2016.A total of n = 100 were recruited for this study and divided into two gropus females with equal number (n = 50)of patients andnormal controls of reproductive age (14 -40 years). The screening of theINHα for 769G>A variation in exon 2 was done through DNA sequencing.Results: A higher frequency of the major allele G was seen in both the patients (99%) and the controls (87%) while comparing to minor allele A (1% in patients and 13% in controls). None of the patients was found to be homozygous (AA = 0%) for allele A, whereas, four of the controls were homozygous (AA = 8%). The frequency of the minor A allele in controls was found to be statistically significant (P-value = 0.002). Conclusion:An association of decreased risk of POFwith A allele of the 769G>A variant rather than increasing the risk of development of ovarian failure.
During this COVID pandemic cancer surgeries are still being carried out via necessary precautions.Endomertial carcinoma is one of the easiest carcinoma to pick and early surgical treatment can completely cure it. Adenomyosis on the other hand is the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue with in myometrium if it involves the uterus focally it is known as adenomyoma. Radiological findings of adenomyoma can be mistaken for endometrial carcinoma. We present such a case in which radiologically diagnosed endometrial carcinoma turned out to be adenomyoma on histopathology.
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