Water tnanagement measures are often pointed out as resolution altertiatives for ttrst-order water conflicts (related to water resources scarcity). However, adoption of these measures, which requires a societal adaptation effort, may act as a sotirce of second-order conflict.s (related to social resources scarcity). This makes it important to evaluate water management measures with regard to their potential for second-order conflicts induction, considering the itifluence exerted by the institutional and socioeconomic environment where they might be applied. Therefore, this article presents a methodology-based on conflict theory concepts and analysis tools and on a tnultidisciplinary approach-for systematically analyzing first-and second-order water conflicts, which aims to identify the best alternatives for first-order conflicts resolution as well as the most adequate guidelines lor avoiding or minimizing induced second-order conflicts. The methodology comprises seven major steps (data collection and cotnpilation, water institutional framework analysis, water conflicts identification, conflicts pre-analysis, first-order conflicts analysis, second-order conflicts analysis and results analysis), which are illustrated through their application to the semi-arid portion of the Parailta River Basin in northeast Brazil. As the results indicate, the methodology constitutes a useful tool for supporting both political and operational water managernent decision making at the basin, sub-basin, or local level.
This article analyses the application of OECD water governance principles to the semiarid region of Brazil. Between 2012 and 2017, the Paraíba River basin (macroscale) and its Epitácio Pessoa reservoir – EPR (microscale) suffered a severe drought. The reservoir came close to collapse in 2017, which led to water use conflicts that were aggravated due to water mismanagement. Four evaluation criteria were considered: policy alignment to the OECD principles, its implementation, on-ground results, and policy impacts. The outcomes indicate water management fragilities, even after 24 years of the Brazilian National Water Resources Policy enactment, and the need for a better water management integration at different scales: National, State, and River Basin. By considering a smaller scale (a basin and its main reservoir), it was possible to observe water governance failures that lead to water crises since the best practices performed by the national agency, at the national scale, have not been verified at the local scale.
Gestão das Águas Subterrâneas no Estado da Paraíba: Proposta de Modelos de Cobrança 132 ity and availability characteristics of groundwater resources; the second consisting of an optimum prices methodology application. Both models were conceived to support groundwater resources management in the State of Paraíba.
Diante da complexidade da sociedade moderna e das mudanças decorrentes do século XX, faz-se necessário repensar as formas impostas de desenvolvimento. Agora, esse desenvolvimento precisa melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas, preservar o meio ambiente e garantir o crescimento econômico, ou seja, ser sustentável. Essa mudança, passa necessariamente pela gestão pública, que é responsável pela instituição das políticas públicas, sobretudo o poder local que está em maior proximidade a comunidade. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice de sustentabilidade social (ISS) e enquadrar os municípios em níveis de sustentabilidade social, buscando avaliar o desempenho quanto a fatores sociais e institucionais e fornecendo informações relevantes para a tomada de decisão. Para isso, foram utilizados indicadores de sustentabilidade, pois estes simplificam o entendimento dos dados e das informações, facilitando a tomada de decisão e democratizando o conhecimento. Os municípios selecionados como caso de estudo foram os da Região Administrativa de Campina Grande, devido à sua relevância para o Estado da Paraíba. Os resultados encontrados, com a aplicação do índice, evidenciaram que a maioria dos municípios se enquadra nas faixas de “baixa sustentabilidade” e “média sustentabilidade”. Esses resultados alertam para a necessidade de melhorias na gestão e no planejamento dos fatores ligados à dimensão social, através da percepção dos anseios e problemas da população, com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade de vida dessas comunidades.
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