According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculations, the architecture industry totally consumed 40% of the energy and 36% of CO2 emissions in world. The large public building with rapid floor area growth, high-energy consumption and huge potential for energy saving features, is a key area of energy conservation obviously. This paper researched the trend of low-carbon building construction and high building energy efficiency, the public building energy consumption and its carbon emissions effect. Moreover, consumption and carbon emission of different types of public building energy was analyzed. Estimation methods on public building energy consumption and carbon emission were summarized in the last part.
Climate change caused by increasing carbon emission is harmful to global environment and human society. Developing low-carbon economy through reasonable industries planning and effective utilization of resources is a significant path to achieve the aim of energy saving and carbon emission reduction. The word carbon footprint means carbon emission caused by a certain industry, activity, product or individual, and the issue of carbon emission should be linked with economic activity to analyze, while input-output model is a reliable method to contact two factors. Based on input-output model, this paper calculated direct or indirect carbon emission which is demanded for the products of final consumption in Beijing, and analyzed carbon footprint of each industrial sector in 2005, 2007 and 2010 by operating Leontief matrix. The result demonstrates annual carbon emission of Beijing increased from 10482.68×104ton to 17407.28×104ton during 2000-2011. Manufacturing industry, excavating industry, transportation and postal industry exert supreme impact on carbon emission in Beijing. Carbon footprint of transportation and postal industry and other tertiary industries such as information, business, service, education, science researching industries in 2010 had an obvious rise compare with the data of 2005 and 2007.
The MOS-controlled Thyristor (MCT) has been characterized by MOS-gating, high current rise rate, and high blocking capability. The anode short MCT (AS-MCT) is distinguished from conventional MCT by an anode-short structure, which develops a normallyoff characteristic. As a composite structure made of metal-oxide-silicon and bipolar junction transistors, AS-MCT is susceptible to displacement damage induced by energetic radiation. The anode trigger current which denotes the latch-up of internal thyristor structure is a key parameter for AS-MCTs. From the aspects of devices physics, we propose a model to describe the displacement damage on trigger current. Our model provides an excellent fit to the experimental data of the AS-MCT samples subjected to fission neutrons with flux in the range of 3.1×10 9-5.5×10 13 cm-2. Moreover, this work shows that the high injection effect can alleviate the displacement damage of trigger current following high flux exposures.
This paper analyzed the stationary, multiple regression relationship and Granger relationship between the urbanization process including urban population, GDP, investment in fixed assets, area of completed residential building land and mileage of public transit vehicles, and its effects on carbon emissions in Beijing from 1980 to 2011. Based on the circumstances of economic growth and carbon emissions in 2011, the results show that carbon emissions will increase by 138.577 thousand tons for each additional 100 thousand urban population, 8.719 thousand tons for each additional 1 billion Yuan investment in fixed assets, and 9.693 thousand tons for each additional 100 thousand square meters completed residential building land. GDP in constant-price of 1978 increases by every 1 billion Yuan, carbon emissions will reduce 137.203 thousand tons. Mileage of public transit vehicles does not have linear regression relationship with carbon emissions. Urban population and area of completed residential building land are the granger cause of carbon emissions. According to the above conclusions, this paper puts forward the relevant policy recommendations to reduce carbon emissions.
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