This paper presents research on Fe and Mn removal from groundwater. In treatment systems of aeration followed by rapid filtration (no chemical dosage), manganese removal is possible due to the manganese dioxide catalyst present on the grains of filtration material. The goal of the presented research was to find a correlation between the catalyst layer's composition as well as its internal porosity and the effectiveness and stability of manganese removal in the filtration process. In order to establish the influence of catalyst characteristics on manganese removal effectiveness, the filtration experiment was conducted using filtration materials with catalytic contact layers of different origin. Oxide coated auto-activated silica sand and Gabon manganese ore were tested. Inactive silica sand was used as reference. The results of filtration experiments were combined with analyses of chemical composition, internal porosity, and crystalline parameters of catalyst contact layers of grains. For the determination catalyst contact layer parameters, the following methods were used: Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope -Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX), nitrogen adsorption. Pilot scale research on the filtration process demonstrated that auto-activated filtration material was characterized by the highest efficiency of manganese removal and stability of effects during the whole research. The effectiveness of Gabon manganese ore dropped from 90% and stabilized on the level of ca. 60% within 15 days of the experiment.
Information concerning the use of non-ionic surfactants (NS) in household products is very scanty. Therefore, a qualitative determination of NS in raw sewage is an alternative source of information concerning the presence and manufacture of NS. The aim of this work was to identify NS in raw sewage (in Poznan and Blonie, both Poland) and treated sewage (in Blonie) and to compare the results with those obtained for river water (Warta in Poznan, Poland). LC-MS/MS was used for this purpose. The presence of 116 ethoxamers, being exclusively polydispersal alcohol ethoxylates (AE) containing alkyl moieties from C10 to C16 and C18, as well as 20 poly(ethylene glycols), was confirmed in the raw sewage, while 68 ethoxamers were found in the treated sewage, including 12 octylphenol ethoxylates. No nonylphenol ethoxylates were identified in the raw or treated sewage.
This paper presents the results of research on coagulation sludge properties in three waterworks. The investigation assumed: chemical composition, specific surface of coagulation structures, their sedimentation, gravity thickening and rheological parameters. The solid fraction of the examined structures consisted mostly of mineral substances, especially silica, aluminium and iron oxides. This composition is typical for most coagulation sludges formed in surface water treatment facilities. It has been determined, that the main factor determining structures properties is chemical composition of the solid fraction, mainly alum and iron oxides. Their presence in the sludge causes a high specific surface in coagulation structures, and significantly influences the rheological properties. It has been proved that non-Newtonian properties appear first in structures with the highest contents of alum and iron oxides, with limit concentrations of c. 1.5%. Investigations on sedimentation and gravitational thickening showed a high stability of coagulation structures vs. forces. The water amount in the investigated sludges during their compression was no lower than 94-98%, which means that gravitational forces did not destroy these structures. The factors stabilizing coagulation sludges are; fine dispersion of the solid phase and high affinity to water molecules. This is why in the range of hydrations lower than the compression hydration, the coagulation structures are classified as quasihomogenous systems consisting of two interpenetrating quasicontinuous media, which means; solution of liquid dispersed to colloidal and semicolloidal particles of the solid phase. They act on each other by intermolecular forces, which are the volume forces.
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