Ion Exchange Technologies 194gastrointestinal tract less than 10% cadmium is absorbed. An important source of human exposure to cadmium is food and water. In natural water its typical concentration lies below 0.001 mg/dm 3 , whereas, the upper limit recommended by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is less than 0.003 mg/dm 3 . The maximum limit in drinking water is 0.003 mg/dm 3 .Cadmium accumulates in kidneys, pancreas, intestines and glands altering the metabolism of the elements necessary for the body, such as zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, calcium and selenium. Damage to the respiratory tract and kidneys are the main adverse effects in humans exposed to cadmium compounds. In humans exposed to fumes and dusts chronic toxicity of cadmium compounds is usually found after a few years. The main symptom of emphysema is that it often develops without preceding bronchitis. The second basic symptom of chronic metal poisoning is kidney damage. It includes the loss and impairment of smell, pathological changes in the skeletal system (osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures and bone fractures), pain in the extremities and the spine, difficulty in walking, the formation of hypochromic anemia. The most known 'Itai-Itai' disease caused by cadmium exposure is mixed osteomalacia and osteoporosis. However, an important source of cadmium in soils are phosphate fertilizers. Large amounts of cadmium are also introduced to soil together with municipal waste. The high mobility of cadmium in all types of soils is the reason for its rapid integration into the food chain. Daily intake of cadmium from food in most countries of the world is 10-20 mg.Lead is a toxic metal, which accumulates in the vital organs of men and animals and enters into the body through air, water and food. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) standards, its maximum limit in drinking water is 0.05 mg/dm 3 but the maximum discharge limit for lead in wastewater is 0.5 mg/dm 3 . Its cumulative poisoning effects are serious haematological damage, anaemia, kidney malfunctioning, brain damage etc. Chronic exposure to lead causes severe lesions in kidney, liver, lungs and spleen.Lead is used as industrial raw material in the manufacture of storage batteries, pigments, leaded glass, fuels, photographic materials, matches and explosives. Lead being one of very important pollutants comes from wastewaters from refinery, wastewaters from production of basic compounds containing lead, wastewaters with the remains of after production solvents and paints. Large toxicity of lead requires that its contents are reduced to the minimum (ppb level). To this end there are applied chelating ions with the functional phosphonic and aminophosphonic groups. Also weakly basic anion exchangers in the free base form can be used for selective removal of lead(II) chloride complexes from the solutions of pH in the range 4-6. Also a combined process of cation exchange and precipitation is often applied for lead(II) removal form wastewaters (Pramanik et al. 2009). The average colle...
