N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body's systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
The teaching of Islam has warned and reminded Muslim society regarding the threat of superstitious practices after the period of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Various distorted beliefs, such as shamanism and fortune-telling, have simultaneously spread all over the Muslim world including Malaysia. Among several causal of heretical innovation of distorted belief is ignorance and lack of religious knowledge. This article higlights contributing factors of Malays' involvement in superstitious practices which stresses on their perception, beliefs and practices. The writing of this article is based on the study conducted through qualitative methods using observation and interview. Selected key informants from religious affairs departments and political leadership are selected as respondents of the study. The result found that lack of religious education, ignorance, the influence of shamanism and strong belief in mystic and magic are accepted to contribute to the occurence of superstitious practices. These causal factors need to be addressed in the very best possible manner by the Islamic affairs authorities in order to prevent futher society involvement.
Satu perkara utama yang perlu dilihat dari kejayaan dakwah Nabi SAW kepadagolongan pembesar ialah kesesuaian penggunaan mesej kepada golongan sasar. Ini kerana iaadalah antara faktor utama kejayaan dakwah tanpa mengira apa jenis pendekatan yangdigunakan. Untuk mengenali mesej yang bersesuaian kepada golongan pembesar, situasi ataulatar belakang sebenar mereka dari pelbagai aspek perlulah diketahui terlebih dahulusebagaimana dapat difahami dari mesej-mesej dakwah Nabi SAW kepada pembesar.
World history has portrayed the splendour of Muslims in controlling the world during the heyday of Islamic rule and the expansion of its empire. The Muslims have carved a remarkable point in history through the development of numerous fields of knowledge and skills, especially in education, medicine, physics or astronomy, social science, culture, economy, administration and governance. However, due to internal problems and oversight of Muslims themselves, the efforts to glorify the world's civilization was curtailed. In an era of information technology and other modern surroundings, the Muslims need to recover the splendour of the ummah amongst the world civilization. Meanwhile, pertaining to religious affairs, the Muslims must build a firm basis so that the world would respect and make Islamic civilization the pillar of world civilization. Even though it is an idealistic hope, it must be realised slowly and in stages according to the suitability of time, society and place. Hence, this article will try to identify the source of weakness in Muslims that hinders them from controlling world civilizations and put forth suggestions of how to reclaim the splendour of the ummah in order to stay at the pinnacle of world civilization.
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