The present research study was conducted on Health risk assessment of heavy metals due to untreated wastewater irrigated vegetables in Faisalabad city. Samples of soil, groundwater, wastewater and vegetables were collected from different regions of the city where wastewater irrigation was in practice. The ground water and wastewater samples were analyzed for all the basic physical and chemical parameters and heavy metals like (Nickel, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Copper and Chromium). Most of the chemical parameters where in access to standard limits of USEPA. It was found that the majority the heavy metal concentrations in soil are deteriorated because of wastewater. Analysis of heavy metals in Vegetables that their concentrations in vegetables were in the order of Zn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd. The concentration of heavy metals like (Zn, Ni, Cr and Cu) in vegetables were above the safe limit. While TF was lower for all metals except Cd. HRI was maximum for Pb and Ni in all vegetables. HQ was maximum for Ni, Pb and Cd. The vegetables tested were not safe for human use, especially those directly consumed by human beings.
The directly discharged of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) into the river causes environmental hazards due to the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The main issue of the traditional methods for POME treatment is that are not suitable for high suspended solid wastewaters and their gas production is less efficient at a high treatment volume. Therefore, in this study Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) was used as alternative effective method for treating POME. The result obtained from the six steady states with concentration ranging from 11,048 to 15,700 mg/L mg/L for the MLSS, while the MLVSS recorded a concentration range between 10,540 and 17,600 mg/L. Moreover, the COD removal efficiency and HRT recorded from 94 to 97% and 150 to 10 days, respectively. Also, the coefficient of microorganism yield, decay rate, and the produced methane gas were obtained as 0.52g VSS/g COD, 0.31 day-1 and 0.182 to 0.564 l/g, respectively. Kinetic equations from Monod, Contois, and Chen, & Hashimoto were employed to describe the kinetics of POME treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 0.5 to 13 kg COD/m3/day. POME were characterized using Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in the regions of 900 to 1740 and 2800 to 3400 cm-1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the obtained result confirmed the potential of Membrane Anaerobic System (MAS) for the efficient treatment of POME effluent.
In recent times, the environmental issues have been on an alarming rate mostly for public authorities, societies, and industrial establishments. Sugarcane mill effluent (SCME) which contain high miscellaneous pollutants such as the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS) and the volatile suspended solid (VSS). However, the conventional method has the merit of COD reduction from SCME, but is limited in capturing the methane gas produced. In this study the membrane anaerobic system (MAS) was used as a cost-effective replacement method for treating SCME. In this study, six steady states were reached as part of the kinetic study with concentration ranging from 6312 to 14043 mg/l. for the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and 4790 to 12887 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). The three kinetic equations (Monod, Contois and Chen and Hashimoto) were used to explain the kinetics of SCME treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 0.5 to 13 kg COD/m3/day. The removal efficiency of COD was from 94.2% to 93.9% and produced methane gas (CH4) 75.4%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were subsequently used to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the content of the biomass before and after treatment.
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