Dimensions of nurse caring were elicited through nurse and patient responses on the revised Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI), a 43-item instrument. Subjects included 278 nurses and 263 patients and former patients. An exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method with varimax rotation was used to identify CBI dimensions; a five factor solution resulted. The five dimensions of nurse caring were respectful deference to others, assurance of human presence, positive connectedness, professional knowledge and skill, and attentiveness to the other's experience.

This descriptive, correlational study examined the responses and concerns of healthcare professionals about making medication errors and estimated patient harm from such errors. A systematic random sample of nurses, pharmacists, and physicians (N = 402) completed a self-report survey about a medication error they judged to be serious. Respondents were guilty, nervous, and worried about the error. They feared for the safety of the patient, disciplinary action, and punishment. A few subjects indicated that they never reported the errors. The most frequent symptoms associated with errors were neurologically based. The injury suffered by patients was not severe overall according to the harm scales. Weak correlations were found for the harm scales and responses and concerns. The authors suggest a supportive environment for the provider following an error and continuous quality improvement efforts to eliminate system-based errors.

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and processes that are concerned with helping others meet the needs of those requiring care. She asserts that the meaning and practice of nurse caring are not clear (Leininger, 1986) and she