This study provides authors of patient education materials with simple editing techniques that will allow for the improvement in the readability of online patient educational materials. The improvement in readability will provide patients with more comprehendible education materials that can strengthen patient awareness of medical problems and treatments.

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

No abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen associated with advanced HIV disease and other disorders associated with immune dysfunction. The pulmonary and the central nervous system are the most common manifestations of the disease. Localised osteomyelitis as the sole manifestation of extrapulmonary disease is rare. Herein, we present five cases of Cryptococcus osteomyelitis as the only manifestation of extrapulmonary disease. We also identified 84 additional cases of isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis in the literature. Using these data, we have made some general recommendations regarding an approach to treatment of this uncommon clinical entity.

Background: Patients who are refractory to initial management of trochlear dysplasia, which consists of bracing and physical therapy, may be candidates for trochleoplasty. Indications: Indications for trochleoplasty include Dejour classification type B or D trochlear dysplasia, supratrochlear spur height ≥7 mm, and a positive J sign on examination. Technique Description: The thick shell sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty technique involves removing the supratrochlear spur by creating a 5-mm–thick osteochondral shell with underlying cavity, dividing the thick shell into medial and lateral leaflets, and securing the leaflets with absorbable sutures. This establishes a new trochlear groove that is flush with the anterior cortex of the femur. Results: A review of 21 studies with length of follow-up from 8.8 months to 15 years found postoperative dislocation was present in 0% to 15% of patients and the patient satisfaction ranged from 81.0% to 94.4%. A prospective study with a minimum 2-year follow-up found no cases of recurrent dislocation, no progression of radiographic arthritis, 84.8% of patients returned to sport, and the patient satisfaction was a 9.1/10. Discussion/Conclusion: Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty for trochlear dysplasia provides patellar stability and excellent patient satisfaction.

Background: This technique video reviews an iliotibial band Z-lengthening procedure for iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome using a patient case example. Indications: Indications for considering surgical intervention include a diagnosis of iliotibial band syndrome, ruling out other possible etiologies of knee pain, and a minimum of 6 months of failed conservative treatment. Technique Description: There are several surgical techniques described in the literature, although the ITB Z-lengthening procedure is preferred at our institution. This technique uses a “Z”-type incision through the distal ITB to allow lengthening of the ITB and to allow access for surgical debridement of the underlying inflamed bursa. Nonabsorbable suture is then used for a side-to-side repair of the ITB in the elongated position. Results: Complications from this technique are uncommon, and the few published outcomes from this procedure show good clinical results and return to preactivity levels. Discussion/Conclusion: Preoperative planning should include analysis of lower extremity alignment and can include advanced imaging to rule out intra-articular pathology. Diagnostic arthroscopy is typically used at the start of the case for completeness. Distal iliotibial band Z-lenghtening can be a successful surgical option for patients who have failed extensive conservative treatment for iliotibial band syndrome.