Isthmin (ISM) is a secreted protein family with two members, namely ISM1 and ISM2, both containing a TSR1 domain followed by an AMOP domain. Its broad expression pattern suggests diverse functions in developmental and physiological processes. Over the past few years, multiple studies have focused on the functional analysis of the ISM protein family in several events, including angiogenesis, metabolism, organ homeostasis, immunity, craniofacial development, and cancer. Even though ISM was identified two decades ago, we are still short of understanding the roles of the ISM protein family in embryonic development and other pathological processes. To address the role of ISM, functional studies have begun but unresolved issues remain. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of ISM, it is crucial to determine its interactions with other ligands and receptors that lead to the activation of downstream signalling pathways. This review provides a perspective on the gene organization and evolution of the ISM family, their links with developmental and physiological functions, and key questions for the future.
A higher concentration of airborne micro-organisms and toxic trace metals in the air is a potential risk for human and environmental health. Suspended dust and microbes in the air are the main inducers of respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to estimate and characterize the microflora and heavy metal contaminants in the car cabin filters (CAFs) dust of Lahore, Pakistan. Moreover, toxicological characterization of the dust was done using relevant cell culture of Human Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cells A-549 through MTT assay. Culturable bacteria and fungi populations were quantified using the standard spread plate method and heavy metals lead, chromium, and cadmium concentrations were checked through atomic absorption spectroscopy. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolated bacterial species. The mean concentration of culturable bacteria and fungi was 4X10 6 and 5X10 5 CFU/g of dust respectively.
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