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The aim of this study was to examine if extract of bifidobacteria, a major species of the human colonic microflora participates in the barrier effect against enteropathogens by developing antimicrobial activity against virulent bacteria. Six human bifidobacteria strains were isolated from infant stools. They were characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and API 20 A test system. The isolates belonged to the three species: B. breve, B.longum and B.infantis. The cell extracts of the isolates were examined for antimicrobial activity by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). For this purpose, the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was chosen as an indicator. MRSA treated with cell-free supernatants (CFS) from bifidobacteria were examined. All the Bifidobacterium isolates used have been identified as novel probiotics with a greater ability to survive at low pH and high concentrations of bile salt in vitro. 0.5 McFarland standard (10 8 CFU/ml) of a confirmed MRSA strain was challenged with the CFS strains by employing the tube dilution method and subculture on MRS agar assays. The cell-free supernatants of the 6 LAB strains exhibited MIC values between 50 µl/ml and 200 µl/ml. Only two CFS of bifidobacteria (b3 and b 4) had no MIC and MBC values with the concentrations under the current study. The b1, BL and BI strains showed highest antibacterial activity by MIC value with 100 conc. and by MBC value with 150 conc. Increased concentration levels of the cell-free extract (CFE) correlated with a decrease in MRSA viability. MRS broth medium (control) showed a high growth rate of MRSA without CFE.These results may provide a basis for alternative therapies for the treatment of MRSA superbug.

Background : The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 raised the attention towards bacterial co-infection and its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. This study aims to review and identify the prevalence of bacterial co-infection in Iraqi patients as bacterial co-infection played an important role in escalating the morbidity and mortality rate during previous viral outbreaks and pandemics of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: It was collected three hundred eighty clinical samples from covid-19  patients, in Iraqi patients from a period between November 2021 to January 2021, in the bacteriology Unit.  Each specimen was cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt  Agar and Chocolate Agar plates to be isolated, then samples was identified using biochemical test. Result: According to morphological and biochemical tests among collected samples 80 (21.1%) were positive samples, while 300 (78.9%) were negative samples, positive samples included 61(76.2%) gram negative (Gr -ve) and 19 (23.8%) were gram positive (Gr +ve), positive samples were distributed as following, 50 (62.5%)  samples  K. pneumonia, 3 (3.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 (6.2%) Acinetobacter baumanii, 4 (5%) Micrococcus, 12 (15%) Staphylococcus aureus, 3 (3.8%) Enterococcus cloacae and 3 (3.8%) were Aerococcus viridans.

Metal complexes of the ligand N-benzylimidazole (BnIm) and their in vitro antibacterial study are reported. The complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ag(I) were synthesized by the reaction of the ligand with appropriate metal salt in 1:4 metal to ligand mole ratio. All the synthesized ligand and their complexes were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Further, the compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against a multi-resistance strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using ciprofloxacin as a standard antibiotic. In general, all the tested compounds showed antibacterial activities at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) level.

The noticeable increase in the occurrence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains separated from different hospitals in Wasit Province-Iraq demonstrates the limitation of antibiotics used for bacterial eradication. The aim of the present study is to detect the virulence genes in some K. pneumoniae isolates that collected from different hospitals in Wasit Province-Iraq. A total of 525 clinical samples were used to isolate 77 K. pneumoniae strains from clinical specimens throw fife months. They were identified by microbiological method as K. pneumoniae. The antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates was determined. The existence of virulence genes (AcrAB and tolC) were performed by PCR. The multidrug-resistant isolates showed resistance against Gentamicin (3.89%), Tobramycin (15.58%), and Amikacin (12.98%), which belongs to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Morever, βeta-Lactam antibiotics include Penicillins: Ampicillin (100%), Augmentin (19.48%), Carbapenems class including: Polymyxin-B (2.59%), and Imipenem (19.48%), Tetracyclins represented by Tetracycline (27.27%), Quinolones class including Ciprofloxacin (19.48%), Levofloxacin (14.28%), and Norfloxacin (14.28%), Macrolidies class including Azithromycin (57.14%),Amphenicols class including Chloramphenicol (1.29%),Nitrofurans class including Nitrofurantion (57.14%), finally Co-Trimoxazole class including Trimethoprim (33.76%). Molecular diversity between K. pneumoniae isolates was determined using Multiplex PCR technique.