This study examines the impact of media on development of eating disorders in young females of Pakistan by analyzing eating disorder, weight-related issues and critically evaluating the factors, which lead to the eating disorder in females. Based on study, it is suggested that the occurrence of eating disorders and the number of young females who employ weight loss endeavors are increasing at an alarming rate. Efforts directed toward the impediment of eating disorders are needed to invalidate this tendency. Suggestions for future research include standardization of procedure. An empirical base to support the use of proposed factors; more sustained, stepwise research analyzing the eating disorder in females and rigorous programs that have sufficiently large sample sizes and lengthy follow-up periods to detect effects, will be more informative. Recommendations are proposed for health care providers and marketers to help prevent both chubbiness and eating disorders among young females. These recommendations put great emphasis on the importance of helping young females and their families, for a sustained behavioral change.
<span>This study examines consumer attitude and empirically test the factors that differentiate between successful and unsuccessful brand extensions, on the basis of parent brand attributes and characteristics, in reference to variables such as brand similarity, brand reputation, multiple brand extension, parent brand characteristics and brand concept consistency using actual extensions of two brands i.e. Olpers Cream (extension of Olpers Milk) and Lipton tea bag (extension of Lipton tea). A sample of 430 consumers of Bahawalpur District (Pakistan) was selected for the survey. Stratified proportionate sampling (in proportion to the population of each Union Council) was used for drawing these samples. The study suggests a more prominent role of parent brand attributes and characteristics than brand extension that had been acknowledged in the literature. Further, the study documents the importance of an extensions fit with the parent brands image while at the same time suggesting that similarity between the brand extension and its core brand has positive effect on extension evaluation. It also shows that as perceived appropriateness between the extension and the core brand decreases, attitude toward the core brand on brand-extension evaluation decreases.</span>
AbstractBackground
Infectious coryza (IC) caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, a Gram negative, non-motile coccobacilli, is a severe upper respiratory tract disease of poultry. This study aimed to report on the isolation rate and serotyping of Avibacterium paragallinarum causing Infectious Coryza (IC) in commercial layer poultry in Balochistan.
Results
Total 500 samples were collected from IC-suspected or recently dead birds Results revealed that 80.62% of sample were found positive for A. paragallinarum. Of these, serotype B was 59.60% and serotype C was 21.02%. The isolates of A. paragallinarum were growing well at 35–37 oC, however, growth rate was declined at 24 oC, and 42 oC. Similarly, A. paragallinarum showed optimal growth between pH 5 and 9, but the superlative pH growth values were from 6 to 8 pH. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that all tested isolates displayed resistance against metronidazole, colistin sulphate, bacitracin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and lincomycine, while were found susceptible to tetracycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. Pathogenicity test performed indicated that experimental birds showed signs of dullness, fever, serous nasal discharge and facial swelling with pus inside infra-orbital sinus, severe congestion in the trachea and partial cloudiness of air sacs.
conclusions
Overall, we report, for the first time, on high incidence rate of pathogenic A. paragallinarum among layer birds.
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