Background: Wound infection is the cause of mortality and morbidity on a global scale. Microorganisms infecting wounds can multiply and colonize in the wound, resulting in host tissue damage. Objectives: The present study was conducted to identify Proteus mirabilis in wounds of patients in Quetta district. Methods: This study was conducted from June 2017 to June 2018 at the Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta. Overall, 480 different wound samples were collected from patients admitted to Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta. Proteus mirabilis was isolated using differential and selective media and characterized by biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, IMViC, and sugar fermentation), antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and PCR. Results: There were 64 (13.3%) samples positive and 416 (86.6%) samples negative for P. mirabilis. The results showed that wounds infected with P. mirabilis were more common in male patients (n = 40; 8.3%) than in female patients (n = 24, 5%). The age distribution showed that the infection of wounds with P. mirabilis was the highest in 16-30-year-old group (n = 32; 6.70%), followed by the age groups of 5-15 (n = 24; 5%) and 30-50 years (n = 8; 1.60%). Diabetic (n = 24; 5%) and surgical (n = 24; 5%) wounds were more affected by P. mirabilis than burn wounds (n = 16; 3.30%). Proteus mirabilis was sensitive to gentamicin (n = 50; 78%) and amikacin (n = 53; 82.8%) but resistant to penicillin G (n = 58; 90%), ampicillin (n = 56; 87.5%), amoxicillin (n = 60; 93.7%), cefuroxime (n = 61; 95.3%), ceftriaxone (n = 57; 89%), ceftazidime (n = 59; 92.1%), imipenem (n = 62; 96.8%), ciprofloxacin (n = 55; 85.9%), and tetracycline (n = 59; 92%). The PCR-based identification of P. mirabilis showed clear bands of 533 bp of the ureC1 gene. Conclusions: The pathogenesis of P. mirabilis in wound infection and its antimicrobial sensitivity are major problems worldwide. The use of aminoglycosides such as gentamycin and amikacin is effective against P. mirabilis and can help prevent the spread of infection and reduce the cost of treatment. The PCR technique is one of the sensitive, timesaving, specific, and cost-effective ways for the identification of the pathogenic genes of P. mirabilis.
Micro minerals (Trace minerals) are required for normal growth and development in broilers. The present study was undertaken to compare the effect of replacing inorganic with organic trace minerals on growth performance, carcass characteristics and chemical composition of broiler thigh meat. A corn soybean based diet supplemented with organic trace minerals (OTM) (x) and an inorganic trace mineral (ITM) (y) was prepared. Four hundred eighty birds were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment (20 birds/replicate pen). The treatments were A) Positive control group diet (x) supplemented for whole period (0-5 wk). B) Fed diet (x) during starter and grower phase (1-4 wk) and diet (y) was offered in finisher phase (5 wk). C) 1 st 3 weeks were fed diet (x) and last two weeks were given diet (y). D) First 2 weeks were fed diet (x) while, diet (Y) offered in the last three weeks. In the treatment (E), diet (x) offered during initial phase and nourished with diet (y) during grower and finisher phase while in treatment (F), complete diet (y). The result showed that organic trace mineral supplementation did not affect growth performance in the first and last week of trail but during 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th weeks organic trace mineral supplementation showed better growth performance than that of inorganic trace mineral supplementation. Chicken fed with organic trace mineral supplemented diets had the better growth performance which differed from that of inorganic supplemented diet groups. Additionally, organic trace minerals supplementation did not affect dressing percentage and giblets weight but shank and keel lengths were improved. While, OTM supplementation did not alter dry matter, ash and moisture content in thigh meat; however, crude protein content was improved in thigh meat. Overall results demonstrated that the quality of broiler chicken meat in high organic trace mineral supplement increased relative to the low supplemented groups. It is concluded that addition of organic trace mineral to feed can improve the growth performance of broiler particularly during growing phase.
Introduction: Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a lethal infectious disease that persists as a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality. The antimicrobial drug resistance in BM pathogens poses a major threat to the community while raising challenges for clinicians. For the first time, we elucidate the incidence rate of BM and its drug resistance among the population of Quetta, Balochistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (from January 2018 to March 2021) among meningitis patients admitted to government hospitals in Quetta. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen was collected and processed for microbiological and cytological analysis. Bacterial isolates were identified and confirmed using phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: We found 35.9% (321/894) confirmed cases of BM among the population of Quetta, Balochistan. The identified bacterial isolates comprised Streptococcus pneumoniae 14.7% (130/894), Staphylococcus aureus 6.9% (61/894), Neisseria meningitidis 5.7% (51/ 894), Haemophilus influenzae 2.5% (22/894), Escherichia coli 4.5% (40/894), and Klebsiella pneumoniae 1.9% (17/894). A high percentage in male patients of 20.8% (186/894) was identified as compared to female patients of 15.1% (135/894). Extreme age groups such as infants (age range: 1 month to 1 year) and adults (age range: 61 years to 99 years) with low immunity were critically affected by BM. Clinical parameters such as abnormal CSF appearance, pH, and high WBCs in BM patients with endocarditis as the underlying disease were significantly at elevated risk of fatal outcome. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary similarity of isolated strains with prevailing pathogenic strains in Asia. Furthermore, age was identified as a significant risk factor for clinical outcomes. Conclusion:The majority of the identified BM patients belonged to rural areas with limited health-care facilities and paramedic staff. The high case fatality rate 11% demonstrates increased antibiotic resistance among BM isolates, thereby stimulating its devastation in underdeveloped regions. Timely detection and intensive treatment of BM may improve critical outcomes in patients.
The traditionally use of indigenous medicinal plants in the treatment of burn, dermatrophytes and human infectious diseases and also still essential part of primary public health care. Antimicrobial activities of nine medicinal plants were determined in vitro through agar well diffusion method against pathogenic microorganism species of gastrointestinal tract. Medicinal plants extract of Cocculus pendulus, Malva neglecta, Rhazya stricta, Jaubertia aucheri, Corchorus depressus, Salvia bucharica, Microcephala lamellate, Berberis baluchistanica and Artemisa absinthium were found sensitive to Clostridium spp. The extracts of Malva neglecta, Jaubertia aucheri, Salvia bucharica and Berberis baluchistanica were observed sensitive to E. coli. Similarly the extracts of Malva neglecta, Jaubertia aucheri, Rhazya stricta, Corchorus depressus, and Artemisa absinthium were found sensitive to Salmonella spp. The extracts of Cocculus pendulus, Malva neglecta, Jaubertia aucheri, Corchorus depressus, Salvia bucharica, Microcephala lamellate, Berberis baluchistanica and Artemisa absinthium were sensitive to Shigella spp. The extracts of Cocculus pendulus, Jaubertia aucheri and Berberis baluchistanica were found sensitive to Klebsiella spp. The extracts of Cocculus pendulus, Rhazya stricta, Corchorus depressus, Microcephala lamellate and Artemisa absinthium were revealed resistance to E. coli. The extracts of Cocculus pendulus, Salvia bucharica, Microcephala lamellate and Berberis baluchistanica were revealed resistance to Salmonella spp. The extract of Rhazya stricta was revealed resistance to Shigella spp. The extracts of Malva neglecta, Rhazya stricta, Corchorus depressus, Salvia bucharica, Microcephala lamellate and Artemisa absinthium were revealed to resistance to Klebsiella spp. The extract of Jaubertia aucheri was highly sensitivity against E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Clostridium spp and Klebsiella spp.
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