Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the serious pests of tomatoes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of some chemical and biological insecticides on T. absoluta. The insecticides tested were diazinon, dichlorvos, chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, spinosad, abamectin, indoxacarb, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin. Sublethal effects for the most effective insecticides tested, namely, abamectin, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, and indoxacarb were assessed, and life table parameters were calculated. Chlorantraniliprole had the highest lethal effect on T. absoluta followed by spinosad, abamectin, and indoxacarb. On the other hand, imidacloprid was not considerably effective on T. absoluta eggs. Metarhizium anisopliae was 11 and 518 times more effective on the eggs and newly hatched larvae than B. bassiana and B. thuringiensis, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, and indoxacarb affected life table parameters of T. absoluta significantly (α = 0.05). Spinosad had the highest sublethal effect on T. absoluta followed by abamectin, chlorantraniliprole, and indoxacarb. The results revealed that chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin, and indoxacarb had considerable lethal and sublethal effects on T. absoluta, and if they perform similarly in commercial greenhouses and fields, they would be suitable candidates to be considered in IPM programs for this pest.
The tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is an invasive tomato pest found worldwide. Sustainable control strategies aimed at increasing biological control approaches and decreasing chemical inputs are required, due to the tendency to develop insecticide resistance. In this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of four chemical insecticides (abamectin, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, and spinosad) and the sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) on a widespread TLM egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, were estimated. Concentration mortality response bioassays enabled the estimation of lethal concentrations of the tested insecticides for the parasitoids, with chlorantraniliprole having the lowest LC50 and indoxacarb the highest. The LC25 and LC50 of the tested insecticides on the TLM were sprayed on eggs and then offered at three time intervals to the parasitoids. The fertility and other life table parameters of the individuals emerging from the treated eggs were estimated. All of the chemical insecticides, but not the fungus, had harmful effects on T. brassicae. The insecticide applications caused a 3.84–5.17 times reduction in the net reproductive rate (R0) compared with the control. No parameters were affected by spraying the fungus in the 0h treatment, but effects were recorded at 24 and/or 48h, except for the gross reproduction rate (GRR). The value of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) also decreased to 0.528–0.617 after the insecticide treatments. The doubling time (DT) increased in all treatments compared to the control. Nevertheless, the generation time (T) was only very slightly affected. In addition, in the combination experiments, M. anisopliae showed a remarkable synergism with T. brassicae in controlling TLM eggs. These results indicate that low levels of lethal effects on key biological control agents should be considered in the choice of insecticides to be included in sustainable TLM control packages.
The invasive tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an invasive pest on tomatoes worldwide. The main control measure against the pest has been chemical insecticides, but the pest developed resistance to many chemical classes. So alternative methods, such as biological control agents, alone or combined to chemical compounds must be evaluated to validate their synergistic actions. In this study, both lethal (concentration-mortality response) and sublethal effects of three synthetic insecticides, the bioinsecticide spinosad, as well as the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were studied on Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko within T. absoluta eggs. To assess the sublethal effects, the lethal concentration 25% (LC25) of chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, abamectin and indoxacarb and LC50 value of M. anisopliae was sprayed on eggs and then offered at three time intervals to the parasitoids. Fertility and other life table parameters of the individuals emerged from treated eggs were estimated. The results showed that indoxacarb showed the highest deleterious sublethal effects on T. brassicae. On the other hand, M. anisopliae was the safest treatment to combine to Trichogramma with no significant effect on some parameters. The lowest LC50 value for T. brassicae was obtained for chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad. Synergistic effect was observed when M. anisopliae and T. brassicae used together. Hence, this will be a promising integration against T. absoluta.
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