Background and Aims: Since fatigue in different regions of the lower extremities can effectively alter the movement pattern of this part of the body and cause joint-related kinematic changes that increase the risk of injury and mental fatigue, which may be a factor in reducing productivity and injury. Therefore, the study of kinematic changes during fatigue can have helpful results. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lower extremity fatigue on knee joint kinematics during landing in adult soccer players. Methods: Ten adult male soccer players (Mean±SD = age: 20.7±1.05 years; Height: 178.9±4.17 cm; Weight: 71.55±8.04 kg) participated in this study. Subjects performed a pre-test, which included jumping and landing on a 40-cm box, and recording cameras of the valgus motion analyzer, flexion, and knee rotation. The Kingtools section of the plugin software attached to the Cortex software was used for segmentation and kinematic information. The lower extremity fatigue protocol consisted of 10 repetitions of single-leg squats up to 90 degrees of knee flexion, 20 vertical jumps with a single leg, and 1 repetition of step –going up and down a 31cm step. The Borg scale was used to measure fatigue. Before and after the fatigue protocol, a single-leg hop was used to determine the level of fatigue. After the fatigue protocol, a post-test was performed. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of the data, and paired t-test was used to compare mean in pre-test and post-test independent variables. Results: The paired t-test results for comparison of kinematic data showed that contact flexion had a significant difference from pre-test to post-test and other kinematic variables had no significant changes from pre-test to post-test. Statistical significance was considered at P≤0.05. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that lower extremity fatigue in the present study partly caused kinematic changes in predicting ACL injury. Kinematic changes have included a decrease in Contact flexion, which is one of the predictors of ACL injury during landing.
Introduction: Introduction: The close link between leptin and kidney function is now concerned that a significant increase in the level of bioactive form of leptin in progressive kidney injuries has been recently revealed. Objectives: This study assessed the levels of leptin and its main determinants among endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 78 patients suffering from ESRD that were planned for hemodialysis (68 patients) or peritoneal dialysis (10 patients) three times a week. The baseline characteristics including demographics, medical history, and medications were collected. The level of laboratory parameters including fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, and parathormone were determined using the special kits. Results: The mean level of leptin was lower than 7.8 ng/mL in 35.9% of patients Serum leptin of 8.7 to 13.1 ng/mL in 7.7% of cases and higher than 13.1 ng/mL in 56.4% of patients was detected. A direct association of plasma leptin with body weight, body mass index (BMI), and serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL and uric acid was seen. Serum levels of leptin were adversely associated with the duration of dialysis. In other patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis, the serum levels of leptin were significantly related to leptin with body weight and BMI while adversely with the duration of dialysis. Regarding association of inflammatory markers, this hormone was adversely associated with levels of β2 microglobulin in the hemodialysis group but not in the peritoneal dialysis group. The level of leptin was not associated with the concentrations of IL6 and IFN-γ in both dialysis groups. Conclusion: In ESRD patients undergoing dialysis, the serum level of leptin is associated with lipid metabolism and BMI. These associations are expected more in the hemodialysis group than in the peritoneal dialysis group.
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