Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in PKD1, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1), or PKD2 (polycystin-2, PC2). Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) is caused by mutations in PKHD1, encoding fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC). No molecular link between ADPKD and ARPKD has been determined. Here, we demonstrated, by yeast two-hybrid and biochemical assays, that KIF3B, a motor subunit of kinesin-2, associates with PC2 and FPC. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells and human kidney revealed that PC2 and KIF3B, FPC and KIF3B and, furthermore, PC2 and FPC are endogenously in the same complex(es), though no direct association between the PC2 and FPC intracellular termini was detected. In vitro binding and Far Western blot experiments demonstrated that PC2 and FPC are in the same complex only if KIF3B is present, presumably by forming a PC2-KIF3B-FPC complex. This was supported by our observation that altering KIF3B level in IMCD cells by over-expression or siRNA significantly affected complexing between PC2 and FPC. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that PC2, FPC and KIF3B partially co-localized in primary cilia of over-confluent and perinuclear regions of sub-confluent cells. Furthermore, KIF3B mediated functional modulation of purified PC2 channels by FPC in a planer lipid bilayer electrophysiology system. The FPC C-terminus substantially stimulated PC2 channel activity in the presence of KIF3B, whereas FPC or KIF3B alone had no effect. Taken together, we discovered that kinesin-2 is a linker between PC2 and FPC and mediates the regulation of PC2 channel function by FPC. Our study may be important for elucidating common molecular pathways for PKD of different genotypes.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) polycystin 2 and 3 (TRPP2 and 3) are homologous members of the TRP superfamily of cation channels but have different physiological functions. TRPP2 is part of a flow sensor, and is defective in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and implicated in left-right asymmetry development. TRPP3 is reported to implicate in sour tasting in bipolar cells of taste buds of the tongue and in the regulation of pH-sensitive action potential in neurons surrounding the central canal of spinal cord. TRPP3 is present in both excitable and non-excitable cells in various tissues, such as retina, brain, heart, testis, and kidney, but its common and cell type-specific functional characteristics remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated physical and functional interactions between TRPP3 and a-actinin, an actinbundling protein known to regulate several types of ion channels. We employed planer lipid bilayer electrophysiology system to study the function of TRPP3 channel that was affinity-purified from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Upon reconstitution in bilayer, TRPP3 exhibited cation channel activities that were substantially augmented by a-actinin. The TRPP3-a-actinin association was documented by coimmunoprecipitation using native cells and tissues, yeast two-hybrid, and in vitro binding assays. Further, TRPP3 was abundantly present in mouse brain where it associates with aactinin-2. Taken together, a-actinin not only attaches TRPP3 to the cytoskeleton but also up-regulates TRPP3 channel function. It remains to be determined whether the TRPP3-aactinin interaction is relevant to acid sensing and other functions in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Keywords: acid sensing, lipid bilayer electrophysiology, protein-protein interaction, tandem affinity purification, transient receptor potential polycystin 3, a-actinin.

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show here that human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (hM1R) activation by carbachol inhibits TRPM8 in a mammalian expression system. We found that intracellular dialysis of PIP 2 alleviated the inhibition, and PIP 2 was depleted in the plasma membrane when hM1R was activated. We also found that TRPM8 channels are partially inhibited by a constitutively active Gaq when PLC is not activated, confirming earlier results. Furthermore, we used an ''inflammatory soup'', which contains multiple agonists of various Gaq-protein coupled receptors expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, to test our hypothesis in neurons. We found that intracellular dialysis of PIP 2 alleviates the inhibition of TRPM8 by Gaq-protein coupled receptors in DRG neurons. We conclude that a decrease in PIP 2 level contributes to inhibition of TRPM8 channels upon the activation of Gaq-protein coupled receptors.

Although the presentation of pheochromocytoma is remarkably protean, it usually presents as sustained or paroxysmal hypertension with triad of headache, palpitation and diaphoresis. The Incidence of serendipitously discovered pheochromocytoma is approximately 4% to 8%. Perioperative management of such cases are not only controversial but also poses infallible challenges to the surgeon. This case report intends to highlight an unusual presentation of asymptomatic, normotensive pheochromocytoma as a huge abdominal mass and its management.

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