Background: Substance abuse disorder is among the leading public health problems in modern day world as they cause enormous human suffering in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic loss; and threatens the very social fabric of almost all communities around the world and as such is a great threat to the global health, economy and peace. Like most social behaviours the etiology of substance abuse is complex, varying through time, geographical regions and by demographic characteristics. Among young people, students are the most vulnerable group as the initiation into substance abuse first starts during this period. Aims & Objective: To find out the prevalence and pattern of substance abuse and its association with various sociocultural and demographic variables. Material and Methods: Multi-stage random sampling method was adopted to select the study subjects. The study subjects were asked about the substance abuse and related socio-demographic variables by means of WHO model core questionnaire format and results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The overall lifetime prevalence of for substance abuse among college students was found to be 31.3%. Male students had significantly higher prevalence of substance abuse as compared to female counterparts(37.5% versus 19.6% respectively).The most common substance being abused was Tobacco products(22.5%) followed by solvents (10.0%), alcohol (6.2%), sedatives (5.9%), cannabis (4.4%), amphetamine products (2.1%), hallucinogens (0.5%) and cocaine (0.3%). Age, gender and family type were found to be strongly associated with substance abuse (p<0.001). Conclusion: Prevalence of substance abuse among college students is high and causes significant problems in this population; therefore there is necessity of targeted interventions to reduce this huge burden.

Background: Depression is one of the common and ignorant psychiatric problems in adolescents now days. It has profound adverse effect on their physical as well as mental health. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of depression among school going adolescent girls.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 336 school going adolescent girls in Barabanki district from June 2016 to September 2016. Multistage sampling was used to enroll the study subjects. Bio-social parameters such as age, socioeconomic status etc. were assessed by direct interview of adolescent girl as well as its confirmation with school records. Six items KADS (Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale) was used for assessment of depression among adolescent girl.Results: Out of 336 adolescent girls screened 18.7% were found positive for depression. Lower socio-economic status was found as one of the independent predictor of depression. Girls belonging to lower socioeconomic groups (odds ratio ([OR] 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.21; p = 0.03) were more susceptible for depression. However on multiple logistic regression no statistical association was observed between depression with respect to age group, class, religion, caste and mothers education, and type of family (p>0.05).Conclusions: The study highlights need for timely diagnosis and treatment of problem through school based periodic screening programmes. There is also need of increasing awareness among teachers and parents about depression.

Late Cenozoic fresh water molasses sediments (+6000 m thick) deposited all along the length of the Himalayan fore deep, form the Siwalik Supergroup. This paper reports the results of the paleodrainage and paleohydrology of the Middle Siwalik subgroup of rocks, deposited in non-marine basins adjacent to a rising mountain chain during Pliocene. Well-exposed sections of these rocks have provided adequate paleodrainage data for the reconstruction of paleochannel morphology and paleohydrological attributes of the Pliocene fluvial system.Cross-bedding data has been used as inputs to estimate bankfull channel depth and channel sinuosity of Pliocene rivers. Various empirical relationships of modern rivers were used to estimate other paleohydrological attributes such as channel width, sediment load parameter, annual discharge, and channel slope and flow velocity. Computed channel depth, channel slope and flow velocity are supported independently by recorded data of scour depth, cross-bedding variability and Chezy's equation.The estimates indicate that the Middle Siwalik sequence corresponds to a system of rivers, whose individual channels were about 400 m wide and 5.2-7.3 m deep; the river on an average had a low sinuous channel and flowed over a depositional surface sloping at the rate of 53 cm/km. The 700-km long Middle Siwalik (Pliocene) river drained an area of 42925 km 2 to the north-northeast, with a flow velocity of 164-284 cm/s, as it flowed generally south-southwest of the Himalayan Orogen. Bed-load was about 15% of the total load of this river, whose annual discharge was about 346-1170 m 3 /s normally and rose to approximately 1854 m 3 /s during periodic floods. The Froude number of 0.22 suggests that the water flows in the Pliocene river channels were tranquil, which in turn account for the profuse development of cross-bedded units in the sandstone. The estimated paleochannel parameters, bedding characteristics and the abundance of coarse clastics in the lithic fill are rather similar to the modern braided rivers of Canada and India such as South Saskatchewan and Gomti, respectively.

Background: Obesity has turned into a worldwide epidemic. The alarming rise in overweight and obesity among the young people, which forms a key link to the rise of other noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and myocardial infarction, is the most important concern. Medical society is expected to have an ideal health. Objective: To assess the body mass index (BMI) of the medical undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine among 150 students; Data were collected using pretested questionnaire from 130 students after taking an informed consent. The height and weight of the students were measured, and the BMI was calculated. Result: Among the 130 students, the mean + SD height of the students was 1.67 + 0.09 m, while the mean weight was 66.61 + SD 12.71 kg and the mean BMI 23.54 + SD 3.09 kg/m 2. Normal BMI was observed in 73.1% students, while 22.3% students were overweight, 3.1% obese, and only, 1.5% underweight. Overweight and obesity were significantly more in male than female students. Conclusion: The study gives an idea about the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the medical students. Our study reinforces the need for creating wakefulness among this population about the positive effects of normal nutritional status.

OBJECTIVES: There has been a growing concern about the economic burden of work incapacity due to mental health problems; meanwhile studies examining the employer's perspective are still scarce. This study aims to propose a rationale to estimate the burden of mental health problems in Brazilian corporations. METHODS: Data from an observational study investigating absenteeism due to sick leaves in a Brazilian bank were used to build a costing estimation model (total number of employees, average number of sick days per employee, and proportion of sick days due to mental ill health). These data were combined with average wage and turnover rate national statistics and published data on presenteeism due to mental health problems. RESULTS: Based on nϭ7499 workers, 3.36 annual sick days per employee, a proportion of sick days attributable to mental health disorders of 15.58%, and a mean daily wage of 51.33BRL, the costing model projected annual costs due to absenteeism of 201,534BRL. If presenteeism is included in the costing estimation, using a previously published presenteeism/absenteeism ratio of 4.0 (for depressed workers), costs due to presenteeism would represent 806,138BRL per year. There is a lack of Brazilian observational studies assessing turnover rates and associated costs. National rates according to economic sector were employed to estimate the impact of turnover of mental ill workers (Service Industryϭ4.15% in 2010) and a turnover cost of 3 times the average monthly cost per employee were used as a proxy. Turnover costs would incur in additional 115,500BRL per year. The annual economic burden of mental health disorders under the employers perspective was estimated in 1,123,173BRL. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of mental ill health to employers, particularly the cost of productivity losses due to lower performance of employees at work (presenteeism), can represent a significant burden for companies and society. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this exploratory analysis was to assess the costeffectiveness of quetiapineXR as monotherapy compared to other key drug treatments in MDD patients, who have failed on previous therapy. METHODS: A Markov Model with one week cycles was used to assess the cost effectiveness of quetiap-ineXR treatment over 52 weeks. Key outcomes were: response rates, costs and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICERs) for second line monotherapy. The

A statistical approach by a modified Markov process model and entropy function is used to prove that the early Permian Barakar Formation of the Bellampalli coalfield developed distinct cyclicities during deposition. From results, the transition path of lithological states typical for the Bellampalli basin is as: coarse to medium-grained sandstone → interbedded fine-grained sandstone/shale → shale → coal and again shale. The majority of cycles are symmetrical but asymmetrical cycles are present as well. The chi-square stationarity test implies that these cycles are stationary in space and time. The cycles are interpreted in terms of in-channel, point bar and overbank facies association in a fluvial system. The randomness in the occurrence of facies within a cycle is evaluated in terms of entropy, which can be calculated from the Markov matrices. Two types of entropies are calculated for every facies state; entropy after deposition E(post) and entropy before deposition E(pre), which together form entropy set; the entropy for the whole system is also calculated. These values are plotted and compared with Hattori's idealized plots, which indicate that the sequence is essentially a symmetrical cycle (type-B of Hattroi).The symmetrical cyclical deposition of early Permian Barakar Formation is explained by the lateral migration of stream channels in response to varying discharge and rate of deposition across the alluvial plain. In addition, the fining upward cycles in the upper part enclosing thick beds of fine clastics, as well as coal may represent differential subsidence of depositional basin.

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Background: There are various causes of obstructive jaundice, choledocholithiasis– the commonest. Patients with obstructive jaundice usually present with complain of yellow skin and eyes, pale stools, dark coloured urine, jaundice, and pruritus.Abdominal pain often misleading for diagnosis. The objectives of the study were to study the clinical profile of patients with obstructive jaundice.Methods: The study included the patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from obstructive jaundice. Thorough history taking and clinical examination was done. Patients undergone for various laboratory investigations, and radiological evaluation.Results: A total 201 patients were included in the present study. Males are more affected (55.72%) as compared to females. Elder age groups (>65 years; and 55-65 years) were commonly affected. 58.71% of patients have malignant causes for development of obstructive jaundice as compared to benign causes in 41.29% of patients. Choledocholithiasis (30.35%) is the commonest cause of obstructive jaundice followed by carcinoma of pancreas (25.87%). Jaundice is the commonest symptom of presentation.Conclusions: Better understanding of the clinical profile in the patients with obstructive jaundice will facilitate appropriate management and lead to improved survival.