The agriculture sector may help to improve the environment of any country. The purpose of this research is to test the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis while keeping the energy consumption and agriculture share in income into account and analyze their effects on the CO2 emissions per capita of Saudi Arabia. We test both symmetrical, asymmetrical and quadratic effects of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions. An inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and CO2 emissions per capita is found. Hence, EKC hypothesis is validated with a turning point at GDP per capita of 77,068 constant Saudi Riyal. Further, a negative and significant effect of agriculture sector on the CO2 emissions per capita has been found both in symmetrical and asymmetrical analyses. The magnitudes of effects of increasing and decreasing agriculture share are found statistically different on the CO2 emissions, and rising agriculture share in GDP has larger effect than that of decreasing agriculture share. An inverted U-shaped relationship is also found between agriculture share in GDP and CO2 emissions per capita with a turning point at 3.22% agriculture share in GDP.
Urbanization and income are usually supported by oil prices and revenues in the oil abundant countries. But, the environmental effect of urbanization and oil prices should not be ignored to ensure the sustainable growth of oil abundant economies. We investigate the role of urbanization and oil prices on the CO 2 emissions per capita of Saudi Arabia using a period 1980-2014 and cointegration test. Urbanization has positive on the CO 2 emissions per capita. So, a rapid and continues increasing urbanization throughout the sample period is found responsible for degrading the environment. Moreover, the oil price is also found responsible for increasing CO 2 emissions in the long run but its effects are found insignificant in the short run. We recommend the Saudi economy to diversify from the oil sector to ensure clean environment.
In this study, an attempt has been made to find out the relationship between job burnout, job anxiety and their various facets and job involvement among managers and clerical staff of banks. The sample consisted of 300 employees selected randomly from various branches of nationalized banks. A set of tools containing Job Involvement Scale, Job Anxiety Scale and Job Burnout Inventory was used to gather information. The data were analyzed by means of Person's coefficient correlation. The results revealed that (i) personal accomplishment, one of the facets of job burnouts was found significantly to be related to job involvement among the bank managers (ii) emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment were found significantly to be related to job involvement among clerical staff and, (iii) no significant relationship was found between job anxiety and its factors and job involvement among bank managers; whereas only self-esteem was found significantly to be related to job involvement among the clerical staff.
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