AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan instrumen pengukur higher order thinking skills (HOTS) matematika siswa kelas X yang valid dan reliabel, dan untuk mengetahui higher order thinking skills (HOTS) matematika siswa kelas X. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan langkah-langkah meliputi: menyusun spesifikasi tes, menulis soal tes, menelaah soal tes, melakukan uji coba tes, menganalisis butir soal, memperbaiki tes, dan merakit tes. Uji coba instrumen dilakukan pada tiga sekolah, yaitu SMAN 4 Yogyakarta, SMAN 6 Yogyakarta, dan SMAN 10 Yogyakarta. Jumlah keseluruhan subjek uji coba sebanyak 169 siswa. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes uraian, tes pilihan ganda dan tes jawab singkat. Instrumen tes terdiri dari 75 butir soal, tetapi hanya 46 butir soal yang diujicobakan dan dibagi menjadi tiga paket soal. Paket soal A sebanyak 15 butir, paket soal B sebanyak 16 butir, dan paket soal C sebanyak 15 butir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa instrumen yang dibuat valid. Hal ini berdasarkan perhitungan yang menggunakan rumus Aiken, bahwa nilai V pada semua butir soal 0,3. Di samping itu, paket soal A dan paket B menghasilkan paket soal yang reliabel, dengan masing-masing nilai Cronbach's Alpha sebesar 0,738 dan 0,658. Sedangkan paket soal C tidak reliabel yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai Cronbach's Alpha sebesar 0,488. Hasil uji coba instrumen menunjukkan HOTS matematika siswa kelas X kurang baik. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari nilai rata-rata hasil uji coba sebesar 26,38 dalam skala 100. Kata Kunci: pengembangan instrumen, higher order thinking skills (HOTS), validitas, reliabilitas. Developing an Instrument to

Kiai is a charismatic figure who has influence for the existence of pesantren. Spiritual leadership is a typology of kiai based on the values of

This research discusses about kyai's leadership within santri's ideological thought in

The drought tolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria is needed to dissolve inorganic phosphate (P) which is usually low in the availability at dry land. This study is aimed to obtain a combination of drought tolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria which has high potential in dissolving P-inorganic. An experimental study which has 4 treatments of bacterial combinations has been conducted in a laboratory. The first treatment was the combination between Pseudomonas azotoformans (A) and Acinetobacter baumannii (B). The second treatment was the combination of A and Bacillus paramycoides (C). The third treatment was B and C, then the fourth treatment was A, B, and C. The potential of the bacterial combination in dissolving P-inorganic was measured qualitatively using phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) on pikovskaya solid medium. While, the potential of the bacterial combination in dissolving P-inorganic was measured quantitatively by measuring dissolved P using the ascorbic acid method in pikovskaya liquid medium containing 0.5% Ca3(PO4)2. The results showed that the combination of those three bacteria (A B and C) has the best potential to dissolve P-inorganic compared to other combinations. In addition, the three bacteria combination also resulted in the highest dissolved P with 0.29% potential dissolution of the total Ca3(PO4)2 contained in the pikovskaya liquid medium, followed by combination of B and C (0.19%), and A and C (0.18%), respectively. Thus, before the combination of these three bacteria is applied in soil, it is needed further experiment of the potential of the bacteria in dissolving soil P-inorganic.

Exposure of sunlight lead tropical Sargassum sp. to maintain their growth and moreover to bring up their secondary metabollite for life struggling. Sargassum sp. has bioactive compounds that has a potential antioxidant acitivity such as phenolic compounds as well as chlorophyll and carotenoids. This research was conducted to determine antioxidant activities, phenolic compound and pigmens of Sargassum sp. with different solvent that have different polarities. Sample was macerate with n-heksana, ethyl acetate, methanol and aquadest. All the parameters were done spectrophotometrically. IC50 was used to determine the antioxidant activity by antiradical scavenging activity using DPPH (515 nm). Total phenolic compound were tested by Folin-Ciocalteu solution  and used gallic acid as standard (725 nm). The chlorophylls a content were measured at wavelength 662 nm and 645 nm and carotenoids were measured at wavelength 470 nm. The results showed best IC50 is achieved by aquadest extract (72.95 ±0.22 ppm). The highest Total phenolic compound is achieved by ethyl acetat extract (120.29 ±0,404 mg GAE/g sample). The highest chlorophyll a content is achieved by ethyl acetat extract (18.23 ± 0,049 mg/g sample) and the highest carotenoid content is achieved by ethyl acetat extract extract (60.65 ±0,008  µmol/g sample). It can be concluded that aquadest extract can be categorized as the strong antioxidant and antiradical activity, ethyl acetat as a medium antioxidant activity. The simple and save methods of aquadest extract promising that Sargassum  sp. frorn Indonesia is a good candidate compoud for nutraceutical and cosmeceutical approach.

AbstrakIstilah pendidikan multikultural-religius mengandung dua konsep pendidikan yang dipadukan, yaitu antara pendidikan multikultural dan pendidikan agama. Pendidikan multikultural sebagai basis pendidikan yang menghargai kemajemukan budaya sedangkan pendidikan agama sebagai basis pendidikan yang bersumberkan pada nilai-nilai keagamaan untuk melahirkan manusia-manusia religius. Perpaduan dua konsep pendidikan ini bertujuan untuk dapat membangun sistem pendidikan yang dapat mengintegrasikan dari keduanya atau mengurangi kelemahannya, khususnya untuk mewujudkan karakter peserta didik yang humanis dan religius.

Spirulina water extract (SWE) has a good potency as an immunostimulant. Lactobacillus bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilus are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce exopolysaccharide exudate. Vibriosis is a common infectious disease for aquatic cultivans caused by Vibrio spp. This study determines the ability of SWE in combination with L. bulgaricus & S. thermophilus as immunostimulant (Artemia challenge test) assay against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi. Factorial Design with two factors namely SWE doses (0, 300, 600, and 900 ppb) and Vibrio spp. treatment (non-Vibrio spp., Vibrio harveyi (Vh), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), Vibrio vulnificus (Vv), Vh-Vp, Vv-Vp, Vp-Vh, and Vp-Vv-Vh) were applicated. SWE was diluted and LAB at a concentration of 108 cell/mL were fermented in three days at 30°C. Ten newly hatched Artemia nauplii were enriched with fermented and non-fermented SWE for one hour, then challenged with 108 cell/mL Vibrio spp. The survival of Artemia was recorded every 6 hours. Results showed that the survival rate of Artemia enriched with 300 ppb concentration of SWE and LAB was significant than control (p<0.05). It is concluded that there is a positive effect on the bioencapsulation of the minimum concentration of SWE and LAB secretion to accelerate Artemia’s immune response.

In this study, the effects of alginate from Sargassum polycystum molecular reduction by thermal heating on DPPH anti radical scavenging activity were investigated. Raw alginate as the control treatment was heated at 140 o C in a laboratory oven for different time courses 1.5, 4.5, and 7.5 hours. The assessment of molecular weight, UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopic studies were applied. By heat treatment, molecular weight of polymer was decreased in a timedependent manner, though there is no significant difference between 4.5 h and 7.5 h samples. The UV-visible spectroscopic studies pointed that there was a new absorption band between 250 and 290 nm in alginate heated treatments. The higher antiradical scavenging activity were reached from 1.5 h and 4.5 h treatments (19.83% and 20.07%). Interestingly, the antiradical scavenging activity of the longest heating treatment (7.5 h) was reduced (16.85%), similar to the raw alginate (17.89%). Prolonged heat treatments influenced the antioxidant activity and reduced the ability of donate electrons or hydrogen atoms to inactivate this radical action.