No abstract

The hangover is the most commonly reported negative consequence of alcohol use with several studies reporting the detrimental consequences of hangover on health, economy, and society. Research has emphasized the socioeconomic consequences of experiencing these physical and psychological symptoms in relation to absenteeism, increased risk of having accidents and injuries, and impairment of daily activities, such as job performance and driving a car. During the 10th Alcohol Hangover Research Group meeting, held on 29 April 2018, in Utrecht, The Netherlands, aspects of alcohol hangover were presented with regards to determinants, biological and cognitive consequences and potential treatments. Precursory and posterior factors influencing alcohol hangover, including biological, psychological, behavioral, metabolic aspects, cognitive functioning, and the role of the immune system in the development of alcohol hangover, were presented. In addition, potential preventive measures and treatments of alcohol hangover to reduce the adverse consequences of alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms were discussed. One study revealed that an average of 24% of social and heavy drinkers claimed not to experience hangover symptoms across time. Another study showed that food intake (either healthy or junk food) had no significant impact on next-day hangover severity. Research examining cognitive and psychomotor functioning during hangover revealed impairments in collective problem solving and response inhibition, but not attentional bias towards alcohol-related cues. The alcohol hangover state further significantly impaired driving performance, even for a short commute to work. With regard to the pathology of the alcohol hangover, research was presented that demonstrated increases in saliva cytokine concentrations confirming drinking alcohol and the hangover phase are both associated with an immune response. Other presentations discussed that scientific literature shows that there are no effective hangover treatments available yet. However, although promising, new hangover treatments are currently in development. Taken together, at the 10th Alcohol Hangover Research Group meeting, a comprehensive overview of the causes, consequences, and potential treatments of the alcohol hangover was presented.

Despite improved therapies, breast milk transmission of HIV to newborns does not decline. In many resource-poor countries, these infants are also at risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We hypothesized that a highly attenuated Mtb with improved safety and similar immunogenicity to the current BCG vaccine, but modified to harbor HIV genes, could protect infants against both HIV and Tb. We have tested 3 different rAMtb-SIV vectors in infant rhesus macaques. Vaccine safety was evaluated by immunizing 1-week old SIV-infected macaques orally (PO) and intradermally (ID) with rAMtb. Next, we tested the immunogenicity of (1) a PO prime/ID boost rAMtb-SIV, (2) a PO rAMtb-SIV prime/IM Ad5-SIV boost, and (3) an ID rAMtb-SIV prime/IM Ad5-SIV boost vaccine regimen. Our studies show that rAMtb-SIV does not cause rAMtb dissemination, even when given to immunocompromised SIV infected infants. Further, our data confirm that the oral route of immunization is effective in infant macaques. Vaccinated animals showed increased dendritic cell responsiveness to in vitro TLR stimulation, supporting our hypothesis that rAMtb is highly immunogenic in infants. While all vaccine regimens elicited cellular and humoral Mtb-specific immune responses, SIV-specific responses were greatly enhanced by the heterologous boost. Thus, rAMtb-HIV should be further developed as a pediatric combination vaccine. We will test vaccine efficacy against multiple oral SIV challenges and against Mtb exposure.