The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) has developed this toolkit to facilitate the implementation of Fracture Liaison Services (FLS). Used in conjunction with resources from the IOF Capture the Fracture ® initiative (www.capturethefracture.org), the toolkit gives those wanting to establish an FLS the case for, and the resources to, enable FLS expansion.
WHAT'S IN THIS TOOLKITThe following tools are to support clinicians, health administrators and policymakers in the implementation of effective FLS based on successful experiences from established high performing FLS.
Understanding the need for FLSA guide to understanding the size of the problem and why FLS is the solution to secondary fracture prevention.
FLS implementation guideA step-by-step 'how to' guide to design and implement an FLS in hospitals and health systems throughout the world.
FLS business planning process guideA tool intended to support clinicians and health administrators in the FLS business planning process, including a generic FLS business plan template.
Multi-sector FLS coalition guideA tool intended for national osteoporosis societies and national healthcare professional organizations to establish an effective national coalition to drive widespread adoption of FLS in your country.
Understanding the endwall flow phenomena surrounding low-pressure turbine blades is key to improving performance, as these flow features contribute significantly to loss generation at low Reynolds number cruise. It is well documented that a horseshoe vortex system forms at the junction of the endwall and turbine blade. The vortices develop and gain significant strength in the passage and contribute to total pressure losses. During low Reynolds number conditions, the flow through a low-pressure turbine passage can be greatly impacted by a number of factors, including Reynolds number and incoming turbulence. The focus of this paper is on significant changes to the endwall flow field observed in experimental measurements and an accompanying implicit large-eddy simulation of the flow through a linear cascade of high-lift front loaded low-pressure turbine blades at low Reynolds number. Results show a significant effect on both the time-averaged endwall flow topology and the unsteady vortical flow characteristics when the Reynolds number based on inlet conditions was decreased to 30,000. Various techniques, such as spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, were used to analyze and compare both high-speed particle image velocimetry measurements and numerical results in order to extract the dominant structures and their unsteady behavior. The total pressure loss development through the passage was assessed in order to better understand how the observed changes in endwall flow structures contribute to the overall losses.
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