Between 1964 and 1970 the authors implanted Hydron gel in 62 patients with nose malformations. The cosmetic defects most frequently operated on were the saddle, and scoliosis of the nasal dorsum. By the end of 1973, 39 of the total number of cases were checked again. In two cases, the gel had to be removed shortly after the operation because of local inflammatory changes. No signs of hypersensitivity could be detected. Calcifications were detected by x-ray examination in 54.2% of the cases. Thirty-four of the patients subjected to the checkup were satisfied with the results of their operations. The authors considered the results to be very good in 16 cases, and unsatisfactory in 6 cases. Calcifications detected by x-ray examination did not affect the final cosmetic effect. None of the examined patients had any complaints in connection with long-term application of the gel. Hydron gel seems to be a suitable implant material in plastic operations of the nose.

a Background and Aim. The otolaryngologist often meets with fractures of the orbital floor. The most serious complication is diplopia, arising as a result of herniation of the orbital contents, with or without fixation of the inferior rectus muscle. The aim of our work was to create a mathematical model to calculate the volume of prolapsed soft tissue of the orbit in blow-out fractures, as a factor in deciding on the need for surgical treatment. Patients and Methods. In a retrospective study (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013), we evaluated 80 patients with blow-out fractures, divided into two equal groups: 40 conservatively treated and 40 surgically treated patients. We created the model by measuring the fracture lines and herniation of the orbital soft tissues in the coronal and sagittal sections from CT images, equivalent to half the volume of a rotating ellipsoid. Results. According to the proposed model, posterior and anterior fractures with a prolapse volume above 500 mm 3 , and anteroposterior fractures with a volume over 1400 mm 3 , are indicated for surgery. Conclusion. The volume of prolapsed soft tissue relative to the location of the fracture is the main indicator for selecting the best treatment procedure immediately after injury.

With proper selection of the optimal treatment, the rate of complete disappearance of diplopia and fully preserved motility of the eyeball ranges from 91 to 97%. Surgical treatment of orbital floor fractures is important, mainly to minimise persistent post-traumatic diplopia which significantly reduces a patient's quality of life.

One possible use of CT navigated surgery in Otorinolaryngology includes traumatology of the facial skeleton. CT navigation enables a surgeon to assess the range and quality of reposition and fixation of a fracture, in our case the fracture of the orbital floor, using a navigated tube. We proceed from pre-operative CT of the paranasal sinuses images to navigation with 1,5-2,0 mm incisions and subsequent registration. Formerly, we used mainly transantral approach at our department, while currently we prefer subciliar approach with the use of absorbable materials (PDS or PMR splint). We use a rigid endoscope for infraorbital nerve decompression and delicate removal of free bone fragments from the maxillary sinus. We applied this procedure in 2 patients. We verified the range of decompression, degree of reposition of the orbital blow-out fracture, and placement of PMR splint and titanium grid using video navigation.

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