The forty-two days long experiment was conducted on a total of 1000 Arbor Acres broilers, divided into two groups. Both groups of broilers were fed with a commercial feed mixture which consisted of standard feedstuffs and contained enough nutrients regarding the requirements. During the first three weeks of the trial, corn naturally contaminated with AFB1 0.0445 ppm per kg dry matter was used in the amount of 20% in the experimental group, while AFB1 free corn was given to birds in the control group. After the period of toxin administration until the end of the trial, broilers from both groups were normally fed another 5 weeks with uncontaminated feed.In the first phase of the trial, broilers in the control groups had an average daily gain (ADG) of 31 g, average daily feed intake (ADFI) of 45 g and a feed: gain ratio (FCR) of 1.42. In the same time, experimental broilers achieved an ADG of 25 g, ADFI of 35 g and a FCR of 1.39. During the whole period of the trial, control and experimental broilers achieved 49.12 g, 95.24 g and 1.94 and 39.71 g, 86.90 g and 2.19, respectively.For the experimental group, the end of the trial was delayed due to lower performances till weighing standard body weight. The trial lasted two weeks longer but overall performances were unsatisfying (ADG 37 g, ADFI 121 g and FCR 3.27).After the period of using contaminated feed, the liver of treated broilers was enlarged, dark yellow colored and tender in consistence. In some cases punctoforme and maculose extravasations could be seen. In all liver samples residues of AFB1 were detected in amounts of 0.63±0.12 ppb.AFB1 had negative effects on performances of broilers even in small amounts. The removal of contaminated feed could alleviate its adverse effects only to a certain extent.
Our investigations were conducted in order to determine the influence of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) based prebiotics and polysaccharide microelement complexes on the performance and immune response of Arbor Acre broiler chickens. Total of 186 chickens was included in the study which lasted 42 days. Birds were fed ad libitum three different complete food mixtures (from days 1- 21, 21 - 35 and 35-42) according to the standard fattening procedure. Mixtures for chickens from the first group were supplemented with mannanoligosaccharide based prebiotics and for the birds from the second group with polysaccharide microelement (Fe, Cu, ZN and Mn) complexes. Broilers in the control group had daily weight gain of 49.1 g, daily food consumption of 115.5 g and a feed : gain ratio 2.35. In the group of broilers feed mixtures supplemented with mannan-oligosaccharides, the daily weight gain was higher (+ 14.95%), daily food consumption was lower (- 2.67) and feed : gain ratio was smaller (-15.32%) when compared to the control group. In the group of broilers fed mixtures with polysaccharide microelement complexes, the daily weight gain was also higher (+ 11.43%), daily food consumption was lower (- 4.28) and feed: gain ratio was smaller (-14.0%) when compared to the control group. Following revaccination against NCD, broilers fed MOS based prebiotics had significantly higher titers of antibodies than observed in the other two groups. The highest degree of cutaneous hypersensitivity to PHA was recorded in the group of broilers fed mixtures with polysaccharide microelement complexes
Abstract:To examine the possibilities of the maize's substitution as an energetic nutrient with by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes in the nutrition of swine on the production results and health condition where are carried out experiment in the nutrition of growing and fattening pigs.The researches are conducted in the producing conditions at pigs farm ZZ "Edinstvo" in the village of Chelopek near by the town of Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia, where are organized experiment in a group controlled system. The experiment is carried out on growing and fattening pigs in a period of about 60 days with an average body weight of 27.00+0.64 -27.69+0.71 kg. For the experiment used mongrels of Swedish and Dutch races with equalized genetical potential. Each group in experiment consist of equal number of males and females.The experiment of the growing and fattening pigs is carried out on 48 pigs divided into 3 groups with each group having 8 pigs of different sex. The experiment lasted for 100 days in 2 phases with 50 days each phase. In the experiment are used 2 mixtures for growing and fattening pigs from 1 -50 days and the whole mixture for fattening pigs in a period of 50 -100 days of the experiment. The experimental pigs from the control group from 414 G. Cilev, Z. Sinovec, B. Palaševski, B. Živković, S. Gjorgjievski, R. Prodanov _____________________________________________________________________________________ experiment are fed with mixture without a share from the examined byproducts, whereas the sample groups were fed with food with substitution of the maize with different qualities of the above mentioned by-products. In the pig's feeding mixture -6% i.e.9% from the examined by-products.Maize's semisubstitution with a by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes especially in the amount of 6% does not have any negative effects in the production results on a growing and fattening pigs. In overall, the applied treatments do not have negative influence in the production results and health condition of swine which enables real possibilities for maize's semisubstitution with a by-products obtained by manufacturing tomatoes, peppers and grapes.
Two trials, 31 and 29 days long, were conducted with the aim to pursue performance and health of pigs treated with different amounts of zearalenone and to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a modified clinoptilolite and esterified glucomannane in alleviating and/or preventing its harmful effects. Total of 64 pigs (32 each trial), 60 days old, divided into four groups, each containing 8 pigs were used. Both control groups (K) received feed without zearalenone, while experimental groups received feed supplemented with 3.84 mg/kg in the first trial and 5.12 mg/kg of zearalenone in the second trial. Pigs in the first experimental groups (O-I) were given feed with the toxin only. At the same time, a modified clinoptilolite (MC) in the amount of 0.2% was introduced in the contaminated feed of the second experimental groups (O-II) and an esterified glucomannane (EGM) in the amount of 0.1% in contaminated feed of the third experimental groups (O-III) of both experiments. Zearalenone exerted its negative effects on performance of pigs in concentrations used in the experiments, proportionally to the amount of toxin in the feed (weight gain was 19.86% lower in experiment I and 22.27% in experiment II, feed intake rate 5.89% lower in experiment I and 1.52% in experiment II, feed consumption ratio was higher for 14.82% in experiment I and 21.08% in experiment II). Addition of adsorbents only partially alleviated the harmful effects of zearalenone in the feed. Signs of intoxication in female pigs, known as the estrogenic syndrome, were manifested by inflammatory changes of the external genital organs (vulvovaginitis) and with histological findings of epithelial hyperplasia and submucous oedema. Also nonspecific symptoms could be seen - gastrointestinal disorders followed by diarrhea. Use of adsorbents as toxin binders mostly alleviated these negative effects.
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