Measurements of midrapidity charged particle multiplicity distributions, dN ch /dη, and midrapidity transverse-energy distributions, dET /dη, are presented for a variety of collision systems and energies. Included are distributions for Au+Au collisions at For all A+A collisions down to √ s N N = 7.7 GeV, it is observed that the midrapidity data are better described by scaling withNqp than scaling with Npart. Also presented are estimates of the Bjorken energy density, εBJ, and the ratio of dET /dη to dN ch /dη, the latter of which is seen to be constant as a function of centrality for all systems.

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identified hadrons π ± , K ± , p, andp produced at midrapidity in Cu+Au collisions at

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured 2nd and 3rd order

The group nature of offending has been recognized as an inherent characteristic of criminal behavior, yet our insight on the decision to engage in group crime is limited. This article argues that a threshold model offers broad appeal to understand this decision. After discussing the basis of this model and its applicability to collective crime, we offer one example of the kind of research that could stem from this model. Specifically, by using survey data from 583 university students, this study asked respondents to selfreport thresholds for group theft and destruction of property. By experimentally manipulating characteristics of the hypothetical scenario used to measure thresholds, we investigated both the individual-and situational-level correlates of these self-reported thresholds. The discussion considers the results that emerge from a Tobit regression model and offers suggestions for future research that would provide further refinement of the threshold model.