The paper focuses on the insect community as a "link" between ecosystem producers, secondary consumers and decomposers and the mobile and informative indicator of structure, biological stability and productivity. Consortium and other subsystems of agricultural ecosystems are mainly destroyed annually as a result of technological measures - chemical, mechanical, biological. External ecological factors, including the structure of the agrolandscape, in particular field protective forest shelter belts and ecotones between them, also have a certain influence. The research was conducted in organic agrolandscape (Kyiv region, Ukraine), comparing it with the conventional one. Insects were collected in winter wheat fields, ecotones and adjacent forest shelterbelts. The number of orders, families and individuals is greater under organic farming. The highest number of families and individuals was recorded in the forest shelterbelts adjacent to the organic landscape (26.3 and 111.7, respectively). The number of individuals in organic winter wheat fields was twice as large as in conventional fields and amounted to 85.3 individuals on average; the number of families was by 1.8 times larger. Biodiversity indices (Shannon, Menhinick, Margalef, Berger-Parker, and Pielou) confirm the greater diversity of insects in the organic fields of winter wheat. The Sørensen similarity coefficient was higher in the organic fields and forest shelterbelts near the conventional fields (Cs=0.7), which is explained by the largest number of phytophages in these ecosystems. The share of predators and parasites that control pests in the agricultural system was highest in organic ecotones and forest shelterbelts - 26.21% and 33.12% (against 10.24 and 18.16% in conventional, respectively).
The aim of our work was to establish the dependence of species composition, features of ecosystem distribution in the space and wood-destroying activity of xylotrophs on the functional type of forest, and the cause and degree of its violation. Changes in species composition, spatial distribution and wood-destroying activity of xylotrophic fungi, and disruption of “woody plant xylomycobiont”, “substrate category – xylomycobiont,” were revealed. Changes in xylotrophic diversity in stands were evaluated by diversity indices. Forest and taxonomic characteristics of stands, the reasons and the degree of degradation of forest ecosystems were taken into account. The ability of 37 species of xylotrophs to be indicators of deciduous and coniferous forests in green areas of cities due to recreation, construction and quarrying of granite has been substantiated. The principles of application of the mycoindicators system for improvement, a technique of estimation of character and degree of forest ecosystem anthropogenic transformation, are defined.
The Ros River is polluted with heavy metals, petroleumproducts and organic matter due to the activities of variousindustries, including agriculture (washing away pesticides and fertilizers), food, light and petrochemical industries, etc.Intake of drinking water in Bila Tserkva district is carried outfrom the river Ros, so the aim of the work was to systematizethe results of research over the past 10 years and identify thedynamics of changes in the ecological state of the river.Object of research: Ros River within Bila Tserkva district of Kyiv region.Subject of research: negative environmental factors,water quality indicators. The study of the state of the question was carried out by methods of analysis and synthesis.Water quality assessment was conducted in the Ros Riveron a monthly basis. Initial data (monthly results) are averaged by seasons: spring (March-May, 2010-2020), summer(June-August, 2010-2020), autumn (September-November,2010-2020), winter (December of the previous year - January, February of the current year, 2010/2011-2020/2021).Among the studied indicators there are ammonium salt, nitrates, nitrites, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD5), phosphates, total iron, manganese.Seasonal concentrations throughout the study period for ammonium salt ranged from 0.11 to 2.17 mg/dm3, nitrites – from0.01 to 0.82 mg/dm3, nitrates did not exceed 40.0 mg/dm3,COD– in the range from 15.9 to 61.1 mg/dm3, BOD5– in therange from 1.5 to 8.3 mg/dm3, phosphates – from 0.05 to 0.49mg/dm3. Excess concentration of total iron and manganesewere observed in 59% and 29% of cases, respectively. Thatis, there is a tendency to deterioration water quality by somecomponents; the main reason for this is anthropogenic activity, namely the inconsistency of water treatment equipmentof economic entities with modern environmental standardsand the presence of unidentified sources of discharges intothe Ros River basin. Key words: Rosriver, hydrochemical indicators, ecological condition, seasonal values, MPC.
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