Recreational degradation of forest ecosystems of the green zone of the town Uman was described on the example of the forest array «Belogrudivska Dacha». The vitality and health conditions of Quercus robur L. and species, systematic, trophic, spatial compositions of xylotrophic fungi were investigated. Changes in the compositions of xylotrophic fungi and Q. robur were indicated an intensification of degradation processes in fresh maple oak. However, the entwinement between the development and distribution of xylotrophic fungi with the degree of damage and drying of trees, the intensity of recreational load did not found. This effect was indirect. The consorts links of Q. robur and xylotrophic fungi essentially depend on the amount of available substrate and evaporation from the soil surface, density of canopy, the projective coverage of herb stratum, in general, the forestry and mensurational characteristics of the stands. These components determine the development of forest ecosystems, the formation of myco-horizons of trees, the rate of accumulation of wood of various categories of substrates, which favorable for the settlement and development of xylotrophic fungi, certain levels of organization of consorts. The deterioration of the conditions of growth and development of Q. robur in fresh maple oak, drying and degradation of canopy cause changes in the composition of the consorts of these trees and xylotrophic fungi due to violation of the conditions of the forest environment, changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the substrates, their distribution in time and space. Recreational impact was essentially neutralized due to the complex composition and large buffer capacity of the forest ecosystem, a large number of mechanisms for its sustainability, and the ability to quickly restore degraded elements and links of the forest. Highly productive young and medieval medium-attractive woodlands of Q. robur of recreational forests of the woodland part of the green zone of city Uman, affected a moderate and medium recreational impact. The territory of the tract has the first (75 %) and second (25 %) stage of recreational degradation. This was primarily due to the close location of the city, suburban villages, main transport networks and the availability of forest for the population. Species diversity of investigated fungi in all experimental plots acquired rather high values. Such indicators testified to the stability of xylomycocenosis to the existing recreational impact, unlike other, more vulnerable structural and functional components of the forest ecosystem: herb stratum, underbrush, undergrowth, soil surface. At all studied experimental plots of the tract, the best development of xylomycobiota was in the trees of the highest Kraft classes. According to the state categories in the investigated plots, weakened and strongly weakened trees were prevailed, in which the maximum number of species and findings of fungi was detected. The findings of xylotrophic fungi on the recently dead stands was minimal. The analysis of the vegetation under ombraregime has shown that subaridophytes and subomorophytes were predominated. In the medium- and low-transformed experimental plots, the magnitude of the ecological amplitude under ombraregime is slightly higher than that of the highly transformated experimental plot. This indicates a greater evaporation from the surface of the soil with an increase in the degree of recreational transformation. A significant change in the forest environment and substratum fund due to the intense degradation of the ecosystem may limit the development and spread of xylotrophic fungi.
The paper focuses on the insect community as a "link" between ecosystem producers, secondary consumers and decomposers and the mobile and informative indicator of structure, biological stability and productivity. Consortium and other subsystems of agricultural ecosystems are mainly destroyed annually as a result of technological measures - chemical, mechanical, biological. External ecological factors, including the structure of the agrolandscape, in particular field protective forest shelter belts and ecotones between them, also have a certain influence. The research was conducted in organic agrolandscape (Kyiv region, Ukraine), comparing it with the conventional one. Insects were collected in winter wheat fields, ecotones and adjacent forest shelterbelts. The number of orders, families and individuals is greater under organic farming. The highest number of families and individuals was recorded in the forest shelterbelts adjacent to the organic landscape (26.3 and 111.7, respectively). The number of individuals in organic winter wheat fields was twice as large as in conventional fields and amounted to 85.3 individuals on average; the number of families was by 1.8 times larger. Biodiversity indices (Shannon, Menhinick, Margalef, Berger-Parker, and Pielou) confirm the greater diversity of insects in the organic fields of winter wheat. The Sørensen similarity coefficient was higher in the organic fields and forest shelterbelts near the conventional fields (Cs=0.7), which is explained by the largest number of phytophages in these ecosystems. The share of predators and parasites that control pests in the agricultural system was highest in organic ecotones and forest shelterbelts - 26.21% and 33.12% (against 10.24 and 18.16% in conventional, respectively).
The effect of soil erosion on dynamic changes in vegetation cover is an important subject of regional ecological research of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Studies on soil erosion on the Pokutsko-Bukovina Carpathians have focused on the impact of soil water erosion on tree, shrub and herbaceous layers in intensive, moderate, slight and light erosion zones. Results have shown that the intensity of water erosion and runoff, which depend on slope steepness, have a great impact on changes in the vegetation cover. This paper compares the main morphometric parameters of formed ravines, the health and composition of trees, and the composition of the herbaceous layer. The floristic list of the all experimental plots comprised 61 grass species. The stands formed Quercus robur L. and Abies alba L. Assessment of the functional types of plant species showed that the balance between competition, stress and disturbance is disrupted along a gradient of water-erosion soil transformation. Soil erosion is likely to have caused a change in the edaphic matrix. The distribution of life forms is also disturbed. Analysis of species richness of the vegetation cover under water erosion and the prevailing soil conditions showed that the values of indices depend on erosion intensity.